\u00a0<\/p>\n
T\u00dcM OSMANLI PAD\u0130\u015eAHLARI VE FARKLI VASIFLARI (2)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n IV. Murad (1623-1640)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Murad, 26 Temmuz 1612 tarihinde, \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan Birinci Ahmed, annesi Mahpeyker K\u00f6sem Sultan’d\u0131r. Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Murad; uzun boylu, iri c\u00fcsseli, yuvarlak y\u00fczl\u00fc ve heybetli bir padi\u015faht\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Sultanlar\u0131n\u0131n en kudretlilerinden biri say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Son derece zeki, g\u00f6z\u00fc pek, cesur, kuvvetli ve enerjik bir insand\u0131. Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Murad, \u00e7ok iyi cirit ve ok atard\u0131. Bu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flarda da ortaya koyard\u0131. Din b\u00fcy\u00fcklerine h\u00fcrmet eder, \u015eeyh\u00fclisl\u00e2m Yahya Efendi’ye “Baba” diye hitap ederdi. Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinde i\u00e7ki ve t\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc yasaklad\u0131. Belli bir saatten sonra gece soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kma yasa\u011f\u0131 uygulad\u0131. Arap\u00e7ay\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 dillerini \u00e7ok iyi bilirdi. \u0130lmi ve ilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok sever, f\u0131rsat bulduk\u00e7a ilim meclislerine gider, onlar\u0131 yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in te\u015fvik ederdi. Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Murad d\u00f6neminin \u00f6nemli olaylar\u0131ndan biri de Hezarfen Ahmed \u00c7elebi’nin kanat takarak, Galata Kulesi’nden \u00dcsk\u00fcdar’a u\u00e7mas\u0131yd\u0131. Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Murad, \u00e7evresinde olup bitenleri dikkatle takip eder, inisiyatifini kullanmakta asla sak\u0131nmazd\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda annesinin etkisinde kald\u0131ysa da daha sonra sarayda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n saltanat\u0131na son verdi; hain ve hilek\u00e2r sadrazamlar\u0131 \u015fiddetle cezaland\u0131rd\u0131. Memleket meselelerini yak\u0131ndan takip edip, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. On yedi y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k yapt\u0131ktan sonra, hen\u00fcz 28 ya\u015f\u0131nda vefat etti.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Murad, ko\u015fu halindeki bir at\u0131n \u00fczerinden ba\u015fka bir ata atlayabilecek kadar iyi bir biniciydi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Murad’\u0131n saltanat\u0131n\u0131 iki devreye ay\u0131rmak laz\u0131md\u0131r. Hen\u00fcz on bir ya\u015f\u0131nda iken tahta ge\u00e7ti\u011finden, devlet i\u015fleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde annesi K\u00f6sem Sultan’\u0131n elinde y\u00fcr\u00fcmekteydi. Onunla birlikte olan vezirler, IV. Murad’\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcnde Haf\u0131z Ahmed Pa\u015fa’y\u0131 askere par\u00e7alatmaktan \u00e7ekinmemi\u015fler, gen\u00e7 padi\u015fah\u0131 da korkuyla deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Osmanl\u0131 memleketlerinde asayi\u015f ve huzur kalmam\u0131\u015f, zorbalar \u015fehirleri ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdi. Delikanl\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda idareyi bizzat ele ald\u0131ktan sonrad\u0131r ki, Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Murad biraz da \u015fiddet yolu ile b\u00fct\u00fcn zorbalar\u0131 sindirmi\u015f, tekrar devlet h\u00e2kimiyetini yeniden tesis etmi\u015fti. T\u00fct\u00fcn yasa\u011f\u0131 bahanesiyle kahvehanelerde toplanan i\u015fsiz, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz, zorba tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131vermi\u015f, \u015fiddetli ceza ve hatta idamlarla tekrar idar\u00ee ve adl\u00ee nizam\u0131 kurabilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Murad, 8 May\u0131s 1638’de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir orduyla \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferde 6 ay sonra Ba\u011fdat’a varm\u0131\u015f, 24 Aral\u0131k 1638’de \u015fehri fethetmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu sefer s\u0131ras\u0131nda Elaz\u0131\u011f-A\u011f\u0131n’dan ge\u00e7erken me\u015fhur Gen\u00e7 Osman da sefere kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Murad Elaz\u0131\u011f Merkez Mollakendi ve Ali\u015fam beldelerinde birer cami yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130brahim (1640-1648)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim, 5 Kas\u0131m 1615 tarihinde, \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan Birinci Ahmed, annesi Mahpeyker K\u00f6sem Sultan’d\u0131r. Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim; uzun boylu, kuvvetli v\u00fccutlu ve kumral sakall\u0131 birisiydi. Annesi onun yeti\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok gayret g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. A\u011fabeyi Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Murad’\u0131n ani vefat\u0131, zaten \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclme endi\u015fesiyle harap olmu\u015f \u015eehzade \u0130brahim’i \u00e7ok etkilemi\u015f, hatta padi\u015fah oldu\u011funa inanmak bile istememi\u015fti. Ancak; annesinin ve devlet erk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n yeminlerinden ve a\u011fabeyi Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Murad’\u0131n cenazesini g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra a\u011fabeyinin vefat\u0131na kesin olarak inan\u0131verdi. Sadrazam Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa, Taht Odas\u0131’na ge\u00e7en Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim’in ba\u015f\u0131na H\u0131rka-i Saadet Dairesi’nden getirilen, Hz. \u00d6mer’in Sar\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131 yerle\u015ftirdi. Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim tahta oturdu ve ellerini a\u00e7arak dua etti: “Elhamd\u00fclillah. Ya Rabbi! Benim gibi zaif ve aciz bir kulunu bu makama l\u00e2y\u0131k g\u00f6rd\u00fcn. Saltanat g\u00fcnlerimde hay\u0131rl\u0131 hizmetlerimle milletimi ho\u015f-h\u00e2l eyle ve birbirimizden ho\u015fn\u00fbd eyle!”<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n \u015eehzade karde\u015fler ve kuzenler aras\u0131nda taht kavgalar\u0131 ya\u015fanmas\u0131n, Devletin birli\u011fi ve Milletin dirli\u011fi bozulmas\u0131n diye al\u0131nan fetvalar \u00fczerine uygulanan “baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 etkisiz k\u0131lma veya g\u00f6z hapsinde tutma”<\/em> gibi tedbirler, maalesef istismar edilerek birtak\u0131m zul\u00fcmlere bile bahane yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Neyse ki, sonraki zamanlarda bu yanl\u0131\u015f ve haks\u0131z uygulamalar kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim, tahta ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ilk y\u0131llarda sinir hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden s\u0131k s\u0131k kriz ge\u00e7irdi\u011fine rastlan\u0131rd\u0131. Ancak, daha sonraki y\u0131llarda toparlan\u0131p devlet i\u015fleriyle bizzat ilgilenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim, tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda soyunun tek \u015fehzadesi o kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden ilk o\u011flu \u015eehzade Mehmed (Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Mehmed) do\u011fdu\u011funda \u00fclkede \u015fenlikler d\u00fczenlendi (2 Ocak 1642). Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim, \u00e7ok c\u00f6mert ve l\u00fctufk\u00e2r bir padi\u015faht\u0131. Fakirlere ve kimsesizlere yard\u0131m etmeyi \u00e7ok severdi. \u00c7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 fermanlarla a\u00e7l\u0131k ve k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesine \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Saltanat\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, maalesef annesi K\u00f6sem Sultan’\u0131n etkisinde \u00e7ok kald\u0131. Sekiz y\u0131l dokuz ay padi\u015fahl\u0131k yapt\u0131ktan sonra, 18 A\u011fustos 1648 tarihinde, bo\u011fularak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim hakk\u0131nda, kendi devrine kadar uzanan Osmanl\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131nda, akl\u00ee dengesinin bozuk oldu\u011funa dair hi\u00e7bir bilgi yoktur. Bu kaynaklar, Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim’in \u00f6zelliklerinden ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flerden \u00f6vg\u00fcyle bahsetmektedir. Sadece son zamanlarda baz\u0131 yazarlar, onun i\u00e7in “Deli” demektedirler. Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim’e “Deli” ve “Gaddar” diyen ve ad\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6yle yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim taraf\u0131ndan idam ettirilen \u0130ranl\u0131 \u015eii misyoneri Emirg\u00fbneo\u011flu’nun adamlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmektedir.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim, tahta ge\u00e7ti\u011finde yirmi be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. \u015eehzadeli\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclece\u011fi endi\u015fesi ile sinirleri son derece bozulmu\u015f bir insand\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada sadrazaml\u0131k koltu\u011funda bulunan Kemanke\u015f Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa devlet i\u015flerini en iyi \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Kemanke\u015f Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa, Safevilerle Kasr-\u0131 \u015eirin Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131 imzalay\u0131p, \u0130stanbul’a geldikten sonra, giri\u015fti\u011fi mal\u00ee i\u015flerde de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 ve yararl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar ald\u0131. Ocakl\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 indirip maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenli olarak verilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu olumlu faaliyetler sonunda devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esi denkle\u015fmi\u015f oldu. Donanma i\u015fleriyle de ilgilenen Kemanke\u015f Mustafa Pa\u015fa, her y\u0131l belirli miktarlarda Kad\u0131rgalar yap\u0131l\u0131p donat\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n IV. Mehmed (1648-1687)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Mehmed, 2 Ocak 1642’de, \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim, annesi Rus as\u0131ll\u0131 Turhan Hatice Sultan’d\u0131r. Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Mehmed; orta boylu, beyaz tenli ve yan\u0131k \u00e7ehreliydi. Ata \u00e7ok bindi\u011fi i\u00e7in v\u00fccudu \u00f6ne e\u011fikti. Annesi onu \u00e7ok iyi yeti\u015ftirdi. \u0130yi bir tahsil g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Babas\u0131 Sultan \u0130brahim’in \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00fczerine 8 A\u011fustos 1648 g\u00fcn\u00fc, hen\u00fcz yedi ya\u015f\u0131nda iken padi\u015fah oldu. \u0130\u00e7kiyi yasaklay\u0131p, i\u00e7ki imal\u00e2thanelerini kapatt\u0131rd\u0131. Ava ve edebiyata \u00e7ok merakl\u0131yd\u0131. Ava olan merak\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden tarihte “Avc\u0131 Mehmed” olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sadrazaml\u0131\u011f\u0131, K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc ailesine vermekle \u00e7ok isabetli bir karar vermi\u015fti. Hayat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 saray entrikalar\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015fmakla ge\u00e7ti. \u0130kinci Viyana bozgunundan sonra, ordunun ve devlet erk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n oy birli\u011fi ile, 8 Kas\u0131m 1687 g\u00fcn\u00fc tahttan indirildi. Bundan sonraki \u00f6mr\u00fc, saraydaki bir odada yan\u0131na konulan iki cariye ile tam bir hapis hayat\u0131 \u015feklinde ge\u00e7ti. 6 Aral\u0131k 1693’te Edirne’de vefat etti. Cenazesi \u0130stanbul’a g\u00f6nderildi ve Yeni Cami’deki t\u00fcrbesine, annesi Turhan Sultan’\u0131n yan\u0131na defnedildi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n II. S\u00fcleyman (1687-1691)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan \u0130kinci S\u00fcleyman, 15 Nisan 1642’de, \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim, annesi Saliha Dila\u015fub Sultan’d\u0131r. Orta boylu, k\u0131r sakall\u0131, \u015fi\u015fman ve halim selim bir padi\u015faht\u0131. Dindar, d\u00fcr\u00fcst ve ak\u0131ll\u0131 bir insan olan annesi Saliha Dila\u015fub Sultan taraf\u0131ndan titizlikle yeti\u015ftirildi. O\u011fluna, gerekli bilgileri bir yandan kendi veriyor, bir yandan da hocalar tutuyordu. Maalesef hayat\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131rk y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 bir dairede hapis ge\u00e7iren Sultan \u0130kinci S\u00fcleyman cesur, dindar, vatansever, merhametli ve nazik bir insand\u0131. R\u00fc\u015fvet ve sefahate son derece kar\u015f\u0131yd\u0131. Padi\u015fah oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada asker\u00ee zorbalar\u0131n ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00fczerine onlarla m\u00fccadeleye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve k\u0131smen de olsa asayi\u015fi sa\u011flad\u0131. Sultan \u0130kinci S\u00fcleyman, d\u00f6rt y\u0131l gibi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre padi\u015fahl\u0131k yapt\u0131. Bunun son iki y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 yatak hastas\u0131 olarak tamamlad\u0131. G\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e zay\u0131fl\u0131yordu. 22 Haziran 1691 g\u00fcn\u00fc, Edirne’de vefat etti. Cenazesi \u0130stanbul’a getirilerek S\u00fcleymaniye Camii yan\u0131nda Kan\u00fbn\u00ee Sultan S\u00fcleyman T\u00fcrbesi’ne g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n II. Ahmed (1691-1695)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan \u0130kinci Ahmed, 25 \u015eubat 1643 g\u00fcn\u00fc, \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan Birinci \u0130brahim, annesi Hatice Muazzez Sultan’d\u0131r. Terbiyesi ve tahsili ile annesi bizzat me\u015fgul olmu\u015flard\u0131. Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a biliyordu. Orta derecede bir tahsil g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Devlet i\u015flerini \u00e7ok yak\u0131ndan takip eder, hasta bile olsa divan toplant\u0131lar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Sultan \u0130kinci Ahmed, hat sanat\u0131nda \u00e7ok ustayd\u0131. Yaz\u0131 yazma kabiliyeti (hattatl\u0131kta) \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcn olan Sultan \u0130kinci Ahmed, bir\u00e7ok Kur’an-\u0131 Kerim yazd\u0131. \u015eairlere ve \u015fiire \u00e7ok merakl\u0131yd\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131l yedi ay on d\u00f6rt g\u00fcn saltanat s\u00fcrd\u00fckten sonra, yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 siroz hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kurtulamayarak 6 \u015eubat 1695 g\u00fcn\u00fc Edirne’de vefat etti. Cenazesi \u0130stanbul’a getirilerek Kan\u00fbn\u00ee Sultan S\u00fcleyman T\u00fcrbesine defnedildi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n II. Mustafa (1695-1703)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan \u0130kinci Mustafa, 6 \u015eubat 1664 g\u00fcn\u00fc, \u0130stanbul’da d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Babas\u0131 Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Mehmed, annesi Emetullah Rabia G\u00fclnu\u015f Sultan’d\u0131r. Annesi Girit as\u0131ll\u0131d\u0131r. Kuvvetli bir ilim tahsili yapt\u0131. Tahta ge\u00e7ti\u011finin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc g\u00fcn\u00fc yapaca\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleri anlatan bir hatt-\u0131 h\u00fcm\u00e2y\u00fbn yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Yaz\u0131s\u0131nda: “<\/em><\/span><\/strong>Zevk, sefa ve rahat\u0131 kendimize haram eylemi\u015fizdir<\/span><\/em><\/strong>”<\/span><\/em><\/strong> diyordu. Yine vezirlerinden birine yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu yaz\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: “Bana a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ve hazine l\u00e2z\u0131m de\u011fil. Yerine g\u00f6re kuru ekmek yerim. V\u00fccudumu din, devlet ve millet u\u011fruna harcar\u0131m. S\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n her \u00e7e\u015fidine sabrederim. Milletime hizmet tamam olmad\u0131k\u00e7a, seferden d\u00f6nmem. Elbette sefere bizzat kendim giderim.”<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n III. Ahmed (1703-1730)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ahmed, 30 Aral\u0131k 1673 g\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Mehmed, annesi Emetullah Rabia G\u00fclnu\u015f Sultan’d\u0131r. Annesi Girit as\u0131ll\u0131d\u0131r. Sultan \u0130kinci Mustafa’n\u0131n \u00f6z karde\u015fi olan Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ahmed; uzun boylu, kara g\u00f6zl\u00fc, do\u011fan burunlu ve bu\u011fday tenli idi. Son derece zeki, hassas ve zarif bir insand\u0131. \u0130yi bir tahsil ve terbiye g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olan Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ahmed \u00fcnl\u00fc hocalardan dersler alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ahmed, a\u011fabeyi Sultan \u0130kinci Mustafa’n\u0131n vefat\u0131 \u00fczerine 22 A\u011fustos 1703 tarihinde otuz ya\u015f\u0131nda iken Edirne’de tahta ge\u00e7ti. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip olan L\u00e2le Devri boyunca padi\u015fahl\u0131k yapan Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ahmed, hattat ve \u015fairdi. “Necib” mahlas\u0131yla \u015fiirler yazd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca musiki ile de yak\u0131ndan ilgileniyordu. Divan \u015fairlerinden Urfal\u0131 Nabi Efendi’nin hem kendisini hem de \u015fiirlerini \u00e7ok severdi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Gen\u00e7li\u011fini di\u011fer Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehzadelerine g\u00f6re bir hayli serbest ya\u015fad\u0131. \u015eehzadelerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gelene\u011fi kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, rahat bir hayat s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u0130stedi\u011fi her \u015feyle ilgilendi\u011fi i\u00e7in bilgisi de, g\u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fc de artt\u0131. Avrupa’daki geli\u015fmeleri inceleme f\u0131rsat\u0131 buldu ve matbaan\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne gelmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00e7aba harcad\u0131. Yirmi yedi y\u0131l gibi uzun bir s\u00fcre tahtta kalan Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ahmed, \u00e7\u0131kan Patrona Halil \u0130syan\u0131 sonunda, 1 Ekim 1730 tarihinde padi\u015fahl\u0131ktan \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ahmed’in padi\u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk g\u00fcnlerinde, tamamen disiplinden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f yeni\u00e7erileri yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmakla u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131. Ancak kendisini padi\u015fah yapan yeni\u00e7erilere kar\u015f\u0131 etkili olamad\u0131. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ahmed’in sadrazaml\u0131\u011fa getirdi\u011fi \u00c7orlulu Ali Pa\u015fa, ona idar\u00ee konularda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, hazine i\u00e7in yeni d\u00fczenlemelerde bulundu ve Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ahmed’e rakipleriyle m\u00fccadelesinde destek \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ahmed zaman\u0131nda, Rusya ile olan ili\u015fkilerde gerginlik ya\u015fand\u0131. Bunun sebebi Rusya’n\u0131n Orta Asya \u00fczerinde yay\u0131lma siyaseti izlemeye ba\u015flamas\u0131, Balkanlar’daki toplumlar\u0131 Slavla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131k ve s\u0131cak denizlere inmek i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat kollamas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n I. Mahmud (1730-1754)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan Birinci Mahmud, 2 A\u011fustos 1696 g\u00fcn\u00fc, \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan \u0130kinci Mustafa, annesi Saliha Valide Sultan’d\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fckannesi G\u00fclnu\u015f Sultan’\u0131n sevgi ve ilgisiyle b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Sekiz ya\u015f\u0131ndan beri kafes hayat\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde zek\u00e2s\u0131, iyi niyeti ve kuvvetli karakteri sayesinde kendini harap etmekten kurtard\u0131. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015flardan itibaren \u00e7e\u015fitli hocalardan dersler ald\u0131. Tarih, edebiyat ve \u015fiirle me\u015fgul oldu. \u00d6zellikle musiki ile u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131. Sultan Birinci Mahmud, 1 Ekim 1730 tarihinde otuz be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131nda iken padi\u015fah oldu. Devrindeki en de\u011ferli kimseleri se\u00e7ip \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revlere atad\u0131. Karakter sahibi, azimli, m\u00fc\u015ffik, merhametli, dikkatli ve sab\u0131rl\u0131 bir insand\u0131. Kendi zevkinden \u00e7ok milletin refah\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek hareket etti. Bu sayede babas\u0131n\u0131n ve amcas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hatalara d\u00fc\u015fmedi. Hayat\u0131n\u0131n son iki y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 hasta ge\u00e7iren Sultan Birinci Mahmud, 13 Aral\u0131k 1754 tarihinde elli dokuz ya\u015f\u0131nda iken vefat etti. Sultan \u0130kinci Mustafa’n\u0131n Yeni Cami’deki t\u00fcrbesine defnedildi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n III. Osman (1754-1757)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Osman, 2 Ocak 1699 g\u00fcn\u00fc, \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan \u0130kinci Mustafa, annesi \u015eehsuvar Valide Sultan’d\u0131r. \u015eehsuvar Valide Sultan Rus as\u0131ll\u0131d\u0131r. Tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 elli alt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar sarayda hapis hayat\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in sinirleri y\u0131pranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak yine de \u015fefkat ve merhamet sahibi, \u00f6zellikle yalan\u0131 ve r\u00fc\u015fveti sevmeyen bir insand\u0131. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Osman musikiden ve i\u015fretten (i\u00e7ki meclislerinden) nefret etti\u011fi i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fczisyenleri saraydan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Sarayda dola\u015f\u0131rken cariyelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmak istemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in ayakkab\u0131lar\u0131na demir \u00f6k\u00e7eler takt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6k\u00e7elerden \u00e7\u0131kan sesi duyan cariyeler padi\u015fah\u0131n geldi\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenip ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. \u0130ki y\u0131l, on ay, on sekiz g\u00fcn saltanat s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f; bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde yedi tane veziriazam de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f, d\u00f6nemi boyunca i\u00e7te ve d\u0131\u015fta bar\u0131\u015f ve huzur ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Osman’\u0131n zaman zaman k\u0131yafet de\u011fi\u015ftirerek halk\u0131n aras\u0131na kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r. 30 Ekim 1757’de v\u00fccudunda \u00e7\u0131kan bir \u00e7\u0131ban\u0131n verdi\u011fi hastal\u0131kla vefat etti. Cenazesi, Yeni Cami’de Sultan Birinci Mahmud’un yan\u0131na defnedildi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n III. Mustafa (1757-1774)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa, 28 Ocak 1717 g\u00fcn\u00fc, \u0130stanbul’da d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Babas\u0131 Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ahmed, annesi Mihri\u015fah Sultan’d\u0131r. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa orta boylu, iri g\u00f6zl\u00fc, yass\u0131 burunlu ve siyah sakall\u0131 idi. Heybetli ve kuvvetli bir v\u00fccuda sahipti. \u00c7ok iyi bir tahsil yapt\u0131. Astroloji ile me\u015fgul oldu. \u0130sl\u00e2m ve Osmanl\u0131 tarihlerini inceledi. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa, son derece dindar, tutumlu, m\u00fc\u015ffik, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan ve c\u00f6mert bir insand\u0131. \u0130ki dakika s\u00fcren ve \u0130stanbul’un hemen hemen yar\u0131dan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kan b\u00fcy\u00fck depremde evlerini, yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden halka kendi kesesinden yard\u0131m edip, \u015fehrin yeniden in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Adaletle h\u00fckmeder, haks\u0131zl\u0131klara asla g\u00f6z yummazd\u0131. Yalandan, riyadan ve r\u00fc\u015fvetten nefret ederdi. Asla gurura kap\u0131lmaz, b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck taslamaz, yapamayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleri va’ad etmezdi. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa, yenile\u015fmenin gerekti\u011fi fikrindeydi ve \u0131slahat yapmak istiyordu. Prusya Kral\u0131 \u0130kinci Frederik’in \u0131slahat hareketlerini duymu\u015f, Ahmed Resm\u00ee Efendi’yi ona yollam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Prusya Kral\u0131 \u0130kinci Frederik, Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa’ya Ahmed Resm\u00ee Efendi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 alt\u0131n anahtar\u0131 dedi\u011fi \u00f6\u011f\u00fctlerini yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n • Bol bol tarih okuyun, eski tecr\u00fcbelerden faydalan\u0131n…<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n • G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir orduya sahip olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve bar\u0131\u015f zaman\u0131nda askerlerinizi s\u00fcrekli e\u011fitimle disiplin alt\u0131na al\u0131n…<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n • Hazineniz daima parayla dolu bulunsun, ekonomiyi canland\u0131r\u0131n ve halk\u0131n refah\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131n…<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa, bu \u00f6\u011f\u00fctleri dinledikten sonra ac\u0131 ac\u0131 g\u00fcld\u00fc. Sonra da “Biz de bunlar\u0131 yapmak niyetindeyiz, l\u00e2kin yolu nedir?” <\/em>diye m\u0131r\u0131ldand\u0131. Memleketine en b\u00fcy\u00fck fel\u00e2ketin Rusya’dan gelece\u011fi kanaatini ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131. M\u00fcdafaa i\u00e7in geceli g\u00fcnd\u00fczl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak her t\u00fcrl\u00fc haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131. Sava\u015flarda kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere hazineyi alt\u0131nla doldurdu.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131’n\u0131 bile a\u00e7t\u0131rmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Fakat i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131na getirece\u011fi yetenekli devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131 onu \u00fcz\u00fcyordu. Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcnden hastaland\u0131 ve kalp yetmezli\u011finden dolay\u0131 21 Ocak 1774 g\u00fcn\u00fc vefat etti. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa, orduda bir yenile\u015fme gerekti\u011fi fikriyle hareket ediyordu. Askerlere yeni e\u011fitim kurallar\u0131 koydurmu\u015flard\u0131. \u0130tirazlara ald\u0131rmadan t\u00fcfeklere s\u00fcng\u00fc takt\u0131rd\u0131. Yeni bir tophane kurdurup g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc toplar d\u00f6kt\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bahriye, istihk\u00e2m ve top\u00e7u okullar\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131. Ya\u015fl\u0131 subaylara bile e\u011fitim mecburiyeti getirdi. Ordudaki \u0131slahat konusunda Baron de Tott adl\u0131 Macar uyruklu Frans\u0131z’dan \u00e7ok yararland\u0131. Baron de Tott, Osmanl\u0131 top\u00e7u s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 yeniden ele al\u0131p modernize etti ve askere Avrupa usul\u00fc e\u011fitim yapt\u0131rd\u0131. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa \u015fair bir padi\u015faht\u0131. Cihangir mahlas\u0131yla yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiirleri \u00e7ok me\u015fhurdur. \u015eiirlere “el-fakir Mustafa Han-\u0131 S\u00e2lis” <\/em>\u015feklinde imza atard\u0131. \u015eiirlerinden birisinde \u00fclkenin k\u00f6t\u00fcye gidi\u015fini \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n “Giderek bozulur bu cihan, sanmaki bizde d\u00fczele<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Maalesef devletin \u00e7ark\u0131, hepten kald\u0131 m\u00fcptezele[1]<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u015eimdi haram saadetle, gezenler bak, hep hezele[2]<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130\u015fimiz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r art\u0131k, merhamet-i Lem Yezel’e.”[3]<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n I. Abd\u00fclhamid (1774-1789)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan Birinci Abd\u00fclhamid, 20 Mart 1725 tarihinde, \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ahmed, annesi Rabia \u015eermi Sultan’d\u0131r. Annesi ona kuvvetli bir tahsil yapt\u0131rd\u0131. Zaman\u0131ndaki mevcut tarihlerin hepsini g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdi. Hat sanat\u0131 ile de me\u015fgul oldu. Merhametli, nazik ve saf bir insan olarak tan\u0131n\u0131yordu. Saltanat\u0131 s\u00fcresince bir\u00e7ok \u0131slahat ve imar hareketlerinde bulundu. Devlet i\u015fleriyle daima yak\u0131ndan ilgilendi. Her sorun hakk\u0131nda fikir ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini vezirlerine bildirirdi. Yetenekli vezirler atamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Halka kar\u015f\u0131 daima \u015fefkatli ve \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 davrand\u0131. Sultan Birinci Abd\u00fclhamid hen\u00fcz tahta yeni ge\u00e7mi\u015fti ki, kendisinden c\u00fcl\u00fbs bah\u015fi\u015fi istendi\u011fini duydu. Ka\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131p sertle\u015fen Sultan Birinci Abd\u00fclhamid \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: “Hazinede bah\u015fi\u015f yoktur, b\u00fct\u00fcn milletin hakk\u0131 sadece askerlere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lamaz, bundan b\u00f6yle c\u00fclus bah\u015fi\u015fi verilmeye! Asker evl\u00e2tlar\u0131m\u0131za ferman\u0131m\u0131z duyurula!”<\/em> Askerler bir par\u00e7a s\u00f6ylendilerse de, i\u015fi daha fazla ileriye g\u00f6t\u00fcrmeden da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan Birinci Abd\u00fclhamid, siyas\u00ee ve asker\u00ee \u0131slahatlara giri\u015fti. Avrupa\u00ee tarzda mektepler a\u00e7t\u0131. Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131’na ve donanmaya yeni bir \u00e7ehre kazand\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. S\u00fcrat Top\u00e7ular\u0131 Oca\u011f\u0131’n\u0131 kurdurdu, Yeni\u00e7erilerin say\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131rd\u0131 ve gereksiz yere fazla para alanlar\u0131 tespit ettirdi. Bu faaliyetleri y\u00fcr\u00fcten Sadrazam Halil Hamid Pa\u015fa, menfaatleri bozulanlar taraf\u0131ndan padi\u015faha \u015fik\u00e2yet edildi. Halil Hamid Pa\u015fa, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm olumlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ra\u011fmen, bu konuda yan\u0131lt\u0131lan Sultan Birinci Abd\u00fclhamid’in emriyle idam edildi. Sultan Birinci Abd\u00fclhamid, b\u00fct\u00fcn aksakl\u0131klara ra\u011fmen Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda iyi niyeti ve gayreti ile an\u0131ld\u0131. 1782 y\u0131l\u0131 yaz\u0131nda \u0130stanbul’da \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131nda itfaiye i\u015flerini bizzat kendisi y\u00fcr\u00fctmesi sonucu halk\u0131n sevgi ve takdirini de kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Dindarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve iyili\u011fi sebebiyle halk\u0131n “vel\u00ee” olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Sultan Birinci Abd\u00fclhamid, on be\u015f y\u0131l iki ay on yedi g\u00fcn s\u00fcren saltanattan sonra, 1789 y\u0131l\u0131 Nisan ay\u0131nda 64 ya\u015f\u0131nda vefat etti. Cenazesi Bah\u00e7ekap\u0131’da kendi yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrbesine defnedildi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n III. Selim (1789-1807)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim, 24 Aral\u0131k 1761 tarihinde, \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa, annesi Mihri\u015fah Sultan’d\u0131r. Annesi G\u00fcrc\u00fc as\u0131ll\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00e2hinlere inanan babas\u0131 Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa, onlar\u0131n yeni do\u011fan o\u011flu Selim’in e\u015fsiz bir cihangir olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemeleri \u00fczerine, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sevince kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yedi g\u00fcn yedi gece bayram yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emretmi\u015ftir. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim, do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fcndeki bu hava i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Sarayda \u00e7ok g\u00fczel bir \u015fekilde yeti\u015ftirildi. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa, kendisinden sonra o\u011flu Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim’in padi\u015fah olmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015fti. Ancak, babas\u0131ndan sonra padi\u015fahl\u0131\u011fa amcas\u0131 Sultan Birinci Abd\u00fclhamid getirildi. Sultan Birinci Abd\u00fclhamid, Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim’i sarayda g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruyor, ancak yine de onun e\u011fitimine \u00f6nem veriyordu. Amcas\u0131 Sultan Birinci Abd\u00fclhamid’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine, Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim 7 Nisan 1789 g\u00fcn\u00fc, 28 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Osmanl\u0131 taht\u0131na oturdu. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim, edebiyata ve g\u00fczel yaz\u0131 yazmaya \u00e7ok merakl\u0131yd\u0131. Yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu hat ve levhalardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 cami ve t\u00fcrbelere as\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7ay\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi konu\u015fuyordu. Merhametli bir insan olan Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim ciddi bir e\u011fitim g\u00f6rerek yeti\u015fti. \u0130yi bir \u015f\u00e2ir, tambur\u00ee, neyzen ve h\u00e2nende idi. Bestek\u00e2r da olan Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim, g\u00fczel sanatlara d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn ve a\u00e7\u0131k fikirliydi, ancak zaafa varacak kadar yumu\u015fak huyluydu ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde bat\u0131daki geli\u015fmelerin yerle\u015fmesini istiyordu.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, halk ona b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcmitler ba\u011flad\u0131. Halk gen\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ni o eski g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve ihti\u015faml\u0131 devirlerine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcrece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim, 29 May\u0131s 1807 tarihinde Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015eehzade Mustafa’ya terk ettikten sonra bir y\u0131l iki ay daha ya\u015fad\u0131. Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa Olay\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yeni padi\u015fah\u0131n adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, 28 Temmuz 1808 tarihinde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Cenazesi, L\u00e2leli Camii avlusunda babas\u0131 Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa’n\u0131n yan\u0131na defnedildi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n IV. Mustafa (1807-1808)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa, 8 Eyl\u00fcl 1779 g\u00fcn\u00fc, \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan Birinci Abd\u00fclhamid, annesi N\u00fcketseza Kad\u0131n Sultan’d\u0131r. Annesi, Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa’n\u0131n iyi bir tahsil yapmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00e7aba harcad\u0131. Ancak h\u0131rsl\u0131, kurnaz ve asab\u00ee bir insan olan Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa, e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011frenimden \u00e7ok, zevk ve sefa i\u00e7inde ya\u015famaya \u00f6nem verdi. Kabak\u00e7\u0131 Mustafa \u0130syan\u0131 sonunda, tahttan indirilen amcaz\u00e2desi Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim’in yerine, 29 May\u0131s 1807 g\u00fcn\u00fc tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yirmi sekiz ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa’n\u0131n \u015fehzadeli\u011fi boyunca, kendisine bir evl\u00e2t gibi davranan Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim aleyhinde isyanc\u0131larla i\u015f birli\u011fine girmesi ve onun \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in emir vermesi, hakl\u0131 olarak ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fa yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devletin merkez\u00ee otorite ve h\u00e2kimiyeti gittik\u00e7e zay\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, yeni\u00e7eriler taraf\u0131ndan Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim ve Nizam-\u0131 Cedid yanda\u015flar\u0131 yakaland\u0131klar\u0131 yerde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa’n\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan Kabak\u00e7\u0131 Mustafa ve yanda\u015flar\u0131 devlet y\u00f6netiminde etkin rol oynuyor, kendi adamlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli mevkilere getiriyorlard\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, bu isyandan sonra yeni\u00e7erilere \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck tavizler vermek zorunda kald\u0131. Ancak yeni\u00e7erilerin istekleri hi\u00e7bir zaman bitmedi ve g\u00f6zleri doymad\u0131. Hatta Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir antla\u015fma yap\u0131ld\u0131. Kabak\u00e7\u0131 Mustafa isyan\u0131nda ba\u015f rol oynayan yeni\u00e7eri a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n, kendilerini sa\u011flama almak i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bu antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, yeni\u00e7eriler devlet i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmayacak ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bu isyandan dolay\u0131 Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131’n\u0131 sorumlu tutmayacakt\u0131<\/em>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim taraftarlar\u0131, bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k ortam i\u00e7inde Rus\u00e7uk \u00e2y\u00e2n\u0131 Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa’ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Alemdar Mustafa Pa\u015fa Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve ordu mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n sempatisini kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sultan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Mustafa hat sanat\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131. Gayet g\u00fczel yaz\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 hanedan\u0131ndan Sultan Be\u015finci Murad’dan sonra en az padi\u015fahl\u0131k yapanlardan birisidir.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n II. Mahmud (1808-1839)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan \u0130kinci Mahmud, 20 Temmuz 1785 tarihinde, \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan Birinci Abd\u00fclhamid, annesi Nak\u015fidil Valide Sultan’d\u0131r. Orta boylu, geni\u015f omuzlu, beyaz sakall\u0131, zarif ve sevimli y\u00fczl\u00fcyd\u00fc. Di\u011fer Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131 gibi kuvvetli bir tahsil g\u00f6rd\u00fc. \u00d6\u011frenimi ile, Sultan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Selim, padi\u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bizzat me\u015fgul olmu\u015ftu. Cesur, temkinli, sab\u0131rl\u0131 ve azimli bir ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip olan Sultan \u0130kinci Mahmud, Alemdar Mustafa Olay\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, 28 Temmuz 1808 tarihinde tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yirmi \u00fc\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Zeki ve bilgili bir insan olan Sultan \u0130kinci Mahmud, Avrupa’daki yenile\u015fme hareketlerini benimsemi\u015fti. Adalet i\u015flerine gereken \u00f6nemi verdi, yeni kanun ve t\u00fcz\u00fckler haz\u0131rlatt\u0131 ve bu sebeple kendisine “Adl\u00ee” \u00fcnvan\u0131 verildi. Ancak bu yenilik\u00e7i-\u0131slahat\u00e7\u0131 giri\u015fimleri nedeniyle baz\u0131lar\u0131 ona “<\/em><\/span><\/strong>G\u00e2vur Sultan<\/span><\/em><\/strong>”<\/span><\/em><\/strong> demi\u015flerdir.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n \u015eiiri, edebiyat\u0131 ve bilimi seven, halk aras\u0131nda dola\u015fmay\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n dertlerini dinlemeyi gerekli g\u00f6ren Sultan \u0130kinci Mahmud, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ni gerek sosyal bak\u0131mdan, gerekse uygarl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ileri bir \u00fclke yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sultan \u0130kinci Mahmud, yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 verem hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kurtulamayarak, 1 Temmuz 1839 g\u00fcn\u00fc, dinlenmek i\u00e7in gitti\u011fi karde\u015fi Esma Sultan’\u0131n \u00c7aml\u0131ca’daki k\u00f6\u015fk\u00fcnde, elli d\u00f6rt ya\u015f\u0131nda vefat etti. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir cenaze t\u00f6reni ile halk\u0131n g\u00f6zya\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Divan Yolu’ndaki t\u00fcrbesine defnedildi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Abd\u00fclmecid (1839-1861)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid, 25 Nisan 1823 g\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan \u0130kinci Mahmud, annesi Bezm-i \u00c2lem Valide Sultan’d\u0131r. Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid, babas\u0131n\u0131n arzusu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir e\u011fitim ve terbiye g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in \u0131slahat\u00e7\u0131 fikirlere sahipti. Bat\u0131 \u00e2lemindeki teknik ve idari geli\u015fmelere kar\u015f\u0131 hayranl\u0131k besliyordu. Babas\u0131n\u0131n vefat\u0131 \u00fczerine, hen\u00fcz 17 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken Osmanl\u0131 taht\u0131na oturdu. Devletin ilerleyi\u015fi i\u00e7in Avrupa\u00ee hayat tarz\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Saltanat\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ay\u0131nda il\u00e2n etti\u011fi G\u00fclhane Hatt-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2y\u00fbnu sebebiyle Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi padi\u015fah\u0131 olarak \u015f\u00f6hret bulmu\u015ftur. Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid, bat\u0131l\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n takdir ve sevgiyle and\u0131klar\u0131 bir padi\u015faht\u0131. \u00c2dil, merhametli, \u0131slahat\u00e7\u0131, yenilik\u00e7i bir insan olan ve 25 Haziran 1861 tarihinde, 39 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken \u0130stanbul’da veremden dolay\u0131 vefat eden Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid, Yavuz Sultan Selim’in t\u00fcrbesi yan\u0131ndaki mezar\u0131na defnedildi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan \u0130kinci Mahmud, \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011finde iken, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanm\u0131\u015f olan Kavalal\u0131 Mehmed Ali Pa\u015fa, Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetlerini Nizip’te yenilgiye u\u011fratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid b\u00f6yle karma\u015f\u0131k bir ortamda tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r Sorunu, Rus donanmas\u0131n\u0131n H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi Antla\u015fmas\u0131’na uyarak \u0130stanbul’a gelmesi \u00fczerine bir Avrupa sorunu halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ba\u015fta \u0130ngiltere, Avusturya, Prusya ve Rusya olmak \u00fczere Avrupal\u0131 devletler Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi Kavalal\u0131 Mehmed Ali Pa\u015fa aras\u0131ndaki M\u0131s\u0131r sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in bir konferans d\u00fczenlediler. Avrupa Devletleri, M\u0131s\u0131r’da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir y\u00f6netim istemiyorlard\u0131. Kavalal\u0131 Mehmed Ali Pa\u015fa’ya kar\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin taraf\u0131n\u0131 tuttular ve bu ortamda Londra S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi imzaland\u0131 (1840). Buna g\u00f6re; M\u0131s\u0131r, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne ba\u011fl\u0131 kalacak, ancak y\u00f6netimi Mehmed Ali Pa\u015fa ve o\u011fullar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye devam edecekti. M\u0131s\u0131r, Osmanl\u0131’ya seksen bin alt\u0131n vergi \u00f6deyecekti. Suriye, Adana ve Girit tekrar Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimine b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n s\u00fcresi bitince, Londra’da yeniden bir konferans d\u00fczenlendi (1841). Toplant\u0131ya Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nden ba\u015fka Rusya, Fransa, \u0130ngiltere, Prusya ve Avusturya kat\u0131ld\u0131. Konferansta al\u0131nan kararlara g\u00f6re, Bo\u011fazlar’da egemenlik hakk\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne ait olacak, ancak bar\u0131\u015f d\u00f6neminde hi\u00e7bir sava\u015f gemisi Bo\u011fazlar’dan ge\u00e7meyecekti. Bu antla\u015fma ile Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere Akdeniz’deki g\u00fcvenliklerini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f oluyordu, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerindeki kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z haklar\u0131na ise k\u0131s\u0131tlama geliyordu. Rusya ise H\u00fcnk\u00e2r \u0130skelesi Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerinde sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kaybetmi\u015f oluyordu.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Abd\u00fclaziz (1861-1876)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz 8 \u015eubat 1830 tarihinde \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan \u0130kinci Mahmud, annesi Pertevniyal Valide Sultan’d\u0131r. El\u00e2 g\u00f6zl\u00fc, beyaza yak\u0131n kumral tenli, sert bak\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve top sakall\u0131yd\u0131. A\u011fabeyi Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid’in vefat\u0131 \u00fczerine 25 Haziran 1861 g\u00fcn\u00fc tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 31 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. M\u00fcsrif bir padi\u015fah olarak tan\u0131nmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00e7ok sade giyinir, sarayda terlik ve entari ile dola\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Babas\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman dokuz ya\u015flar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Ancak a\u011fabeyi Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid, onun e\u011fitimine gerekti\u011fi gibi dikkat etti. \u015eehzadeli\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda rahat ve korkusuz bir hayat s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00c7ok iyi Frans\u0131zca konu\u015furdu. \u015eiirle ve m\u00fczikle al\u00e2kadard\u0131, kendine ait besteleri vard\u0131. Resim yapma kabiliyeti de \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcn olan Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz, Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131na \u0131smarlayaca\u011f\u0131 gemilerin plan\u0131n\u0131 bizzat kendisi \u00e7izmi\u015fti. Ok atmay\u0131, ata binmeyi, avlanmay\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcre\u015fmeyi \u00e7ok severdi. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, kuvvetli ve pehlivan yap\u0131l\u0131 birisiydi. En iyi pehlivanlarla g\u00fcre\u015fir ve s\u0131rtlar\u0131n\u0131 yere getirirdi. Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz 1876 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir darbe ile tahttan indirilmi\u015f ve bileklerini keserek intihar etmi\u015f s\u00fcs\u00fc verilerek katledilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n V. Murad (30 May\u0131s 1876-31 A\u011fustos 1876)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan Be\u015finci Murad 21 Eyl\u00fcl 1840 tarihinde \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid, annesi \u015eevk-Efza Kad\u0131n Efendi’dir. Annesi \u00c7erkez’dir. Sultan Be\u015finci Murad, \u00e7ocuklu\u011funda ve gen\u00e7li\u011finde iyi bir e\u011fitim g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve Frans\u0131zca \u00f6\u011frendi. Okumaya \u00e7ok merakl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, Fransa’dan kitaplar getirtir ve s\u00fcrekli olarak okurdu. Edebiyata kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok ilgiliydi. Aralar\u0131nda Ziya Pa\u015fa ve Nam\u0131k Kemal’in de oldu\u011fu devrin bir\u00e7ok \u015fairi ile yak\u0131n dostluklar geli\u015ftirmi\u015fti. Yabanc\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin etkisi alt\u0131nda kalan Sultan Be\u015finci Murad, piyano \u00e7alard\u0131. Bat\u0131 m\u00fczi\u011fi stilinde besteler bile yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avrupal\u0131 prenslerle dost olmu\u015f, onlarla mektupla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Sultan Be\u015finci Murad, s\u00fcrekli yerli ve yabanc\u0131 gazeteleri okumaktayd\u0131. Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz ile beraber \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avrupa seyahati s\u0131ras\u0131nda Avrupa’y\u0131 yak\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fcp hayran kalm\u0131\u015f olan Sultan Be\u015finci Murad, bu gezi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere’de tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Gal Prensi (sonradan \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 olan VII. Edward) ile yak\u0131n bir dostluk kurmu\u015flard\u0131. Gal Prensinin tesiri alt\u0131nda kal\u0131p mason oldu\u011fu konu\u015fulan Sultan Be\u015finci Murad’\u0131n, asl\u0131nda bu gizli ve kirli olu\u015fumu yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131mak ve yararlanmak amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sultan Be\u015finci Murad, \u00e7ok m\u00fcsrif ve ihtiras sahibi bir insan olarak tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Padi\u015fah olmak i\u00e7in amcas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc bekledi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6ylemekten sak\u0131nmazd\u0131. Sultan Be\u015finci Murad, tahttan indirilen Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz’in yerine 30 May\u0131s 1876’da padi\u015fah oldu. Ancak, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ni kurtarmak i\u00e7in me\u015frutiyetin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen, bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ile tahta g\u00fcvendikleri bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar getiren masonik ayd\u0131nlar, yine umduklar\u0131n\u0131 bulamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. 93 g\u00fcn kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 taht\u0131ndan 31 A\u011fustos 1876 g\u00fcn\u00fc indirildi. 28 y\u0131l daha sarayda ya\u015fayan Sultan Be\u015finci Murad, 29 A\u011fustos 1904 tarihinde vefat etti ve annesi \u015eevk-Efza Kad\u0131n Efendi’nin Yeni Cami’deki t\u00fcrbesine defnedildi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n II. Abd\u00fclhamid (1876-1909)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid, 21 Eyl\u00fcl 1842 tarihinde \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid, annesi Tir-i M\u00fcjgan Kad\u0131n Efendi’dir. Annesi \u00c7erkez’dir. Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta iken annesini kaybetti\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6ks\u00fcz b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc ve onu \u00fcvey annesi Piristu Kad\u0131n yeti\u015ftirdi. \u00c7ocuklu\u011funda \u00e7ok zay\u0131f bir b\u00fcnyeye sahip olan Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid s\u0131k s\u0131k hasta olurdu. Babas\u0131n\u0131n padi\u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu durumu y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00f6zel ilgi g\u00f6rd\u00fc. \u00c7ok ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc bir ortamda b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. K\u00fclt\u00fcr derslerinin yan\u0131nda musiki dersleri ald\u0131 ve piyano \u00e7almay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendi. Bek\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ok serbest bir hayat ya\u015fayan ve s\u00fcrekli okuyup ara\u015ft\u0131ran Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid, evlendikten sonra t\u00fcm bo\u015f zaman\u0131n\u0131 ailesiyle, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla ge\u00e7irmeye ve marangozlukla ilgilenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid, y\u0131k\u0131lmak \u00fczere olan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ni uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 politikalarla 33 y\u0131l ayakta tutmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f bir padi\u015faht\u0131r. Hay\u0131rsever ve c\u00f6mert bir insan olan Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid, s\u0131radan bir vatanda\u015f gibi ya\u015fard\u0131. Yunan seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, kendisine hazinede yeterli para bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenince, atalar\u0131ndan kalma \u015fahs\u00ee servetinden ordunun b\u00fct\u00fcn masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015f, bunu devletten geri almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid; Filistin’in kendilerine sat\u0131lmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 tasfiye etmeyi taahh\u00fct eden Yahudilerin \u00f6nderi Theodor Herzl’i; “K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7la al\u0131nan vatan parayla sat\u0131lmaz” <\/em>diye tersleyen ve “Tarih de\u011fil, hatalar tekerr\u00fcr ediyor!” <\/em>diyen b\u00fcy\u00fck insand\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Bo\u015f vakitlerini marangozhanede ge\u00e7irir, harika e\u015fyalar yapar, bunlar\u0131 satt\u0131r\u0131r ve paras\u0131n\u0131 fakire fukaraya da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Son derece \u015fefkatli bir insan olan Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid’in kendisini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek isteyenleri ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamas\u0131, d\u00fcnya siyaset tarihinde ender rastlanan bir olayd\u0131r. Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid, k\u00fclt\u00fcre \u00f6nem vermi\u015f ve e\u011fitim konusunda hizmet verecek farkl\u0131 seviye ve stat\u00fcde bir\u00e7ok okul yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fczel Sanatlar Akademisi, Ticaret ve Ziraat Okullar\u0131 kuran Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid, ilk ve orta dereceli okullar, dilsiz ve k\u00f6r okullar\u0131, k\u0131z meslek okullar\u0131 da a\u00e7t\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Vil\u00e2yetlere liseler, kazalara ortaokullar kurmu\u015f, ilkokullar\u0131 baz\u0131 k\u00f6ylere kadar ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130stanbul’da \u015ei\u015fli Etfal Hastanesi’ni ve D\u00e2r\u00fclaceze’yi kendi \u015fahsi paras\u0131yla yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hamidiye ad\u0131 verilen i\u00e7me suyunu borularla \u0130stanbul’a ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karayollar\u0131n\u0131 Anadolu i\u00e7lerine kadar uzatan Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid, Ba\u011fdat’a ve Medine’ye kadar da demiryollar\u0131 d\u00f6\u015femeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlere atl\u0131 tramvay hatlar\u0131 yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n B\u00fct\u00fcn bu hay\u0131rl\u0131 giri\u015fim ve geli\u015fmelerden rahats\u0131zl\u0131k duyan Siyonist merkezler, ha\u00e7l\u0131 emperyalistleri ve masonik i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ilerini k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131p me\u015fhur 31 Mart Ayaklanmas\u0131’yla tahttan indirilmi\u015f, 3 y\u0131l Selanik’te Allatini K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc’nde tutulduktan sonra 1912 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul’a getirilip, Beylerbeyi Saray\u0131’na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. 1918 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat etmi\u015ftir. Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid, silah kullanmakta pek mahirdi. Ni\u015fan alarak ismini yazar, havaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 madalyalar\u0131 kur\u015funla ortas\u0131ndan delerdi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Mehmed Re\u015fad (1909-1918)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan Mehmed Re\u015fad 2 Kas\u0131m 1844 tarihinde \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid, annesi G\u00fclcemal Kad\u0131n Efendi’dir. Annesi \u00c7erkez’dir. \u00c7ocuklu\u011fu, padi\u015fah olan babas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda ge\u00e7ti. E\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011frenimine gereken \u00f6nem g\u00f6sterildi. Sultan Mehmed Re\u015fad, amcas\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz zaman\u0131nda rahat bir \u015fehzadelik yapmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen a\u011fabeyi Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid zaman\u0131nda sarayda g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Veliaht oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in devaml\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda tutulan birisiydi. Sultan Mehmed Re\u015fad g\u00fcnlerini haremde de\u011ferlendirir, \u015fiir ve kitap okumay\u0131 severdi. Sultan Be\u015finci Mehmed Re\u015fad, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Partisi’nin deste\u011fiyle tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 65 ya\u015f\u0131na girmi\u015fti. Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid’in padi\u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda devlet i\u015fleriyle yeterince ilgilenmemi\u015fti. Padi\u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda y\u00f6netim daha \u00e7ok Mason \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Partisi’nin ileri gelenlerinden Enver Pa\u015fa, Talat Pa\u015fa ve Cemal Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Mehmed Vahdeddin (1918-1922)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan Mehmed Vahdeddin otuz alt\u0131nc\u0131 ve son Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131d\u0131r. Babas\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid, annesi G\u00fclistu Kad\u0131n Efendi’dir. 2 \u015eubat 1861 tarihinde \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid, Sultan Mehmed Vahdeddin do\u011fdu\u011fu y\u0131l, annesi G\u00fclistu Kad\u0131n Efendi de, o hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckken vefat etmi\u015flerdi. \u00c7ocuk denecek ya\u015flarda hem \u00f6ks\u00fcz, hem yetim kalan Sultan Mehmed Vahdeddin, babas\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid’in kad\u0131nlar\u0131ndan \u015eayeste Kad\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcp e\u011fitildi. Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz’in saltanat\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda hen\u00fcz bir \u00e7ocuk oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in serbest yeti\u015fti. E\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011frenimi ile a\u011fabeyi Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid hen\u00fcz padi\u015fah de\u011filken bile yak\u0131ndan ilgilendi. Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid, saltanat y\u0131llar\u0131nda da bu tutumunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmedi, ona hep de\u011fer verdi ve onu koruyup g\u00f6zetti. Bu y\u00fczden a\u011fabeyinin saltanat y\u0131llar\u0131nda rahat bir hayat ge\u00e7irdi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Sultan Mehmed Vahdeddin, \u00e7ok okurdu, okudu\u011funu iyi anlard\u0131. \u00d6zellikle f\u0131kha ait eserler ilgisini \u00e7ekmi\u015fti. Kitabeti ve iml\u00e2s\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcnd\u00fc. Zeki bir insand\u0131, fikirlerini k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fcst\u00fcne aktarmakta zorluk \u00e7ekmezdi. \u00c7ok nazik bir insan olan Sultan Mehmed Vahdeddin, Viyana seyahati s\u0131ras\u0131nda hem yan\u0131ndakileri hem de yabanc\u0131lar\u0131 nezaketine hayran etmi\u015fti. Az konu\u015fur, daha \u00e7ok dinlemeyi sever ve birisini dinlerken p\u00fcr dikkat kesilirdi. Sultan Mehmed Re\u015fad, padi\u015fah oldu\u011fu zaman, ya\u015f bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Sultan Mehmed Vahdeddin’den daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz’in o\u011flu Yusuf \u0130zzeddin veliaht idi. Yusuf \u0130zzeddin’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine veliahtl\u0131\u011fa Sultan Mehmed Vahdeddin getirildi.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Veliaht olarak bulundu\u011fu y\u0131llarda, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin veliahd\u0131 olarak Almanya’ya resm\u00ee bir gezi yapt\u0131. Bu seyahatinde yan\u0131nda Yaveri Mustafa Kemal de vard\u0131. Sultan Mehmed Re\u015fad’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine, Sultan Alt\u0131nc\u0131 Mehmed Vahdeddin padi\u015fah oldu. Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn Samsun’a \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda ve Anadolu’da Kurtulu\u015f M\u00fccadelesini ba\u015flatmas\u0131nda Sultan Vahdeddin’in maddi ve manevi destekleri, tarih\u00e7ilerin ve gen\u00e7 nesillerin \u00fczerinde durmas\u0131 gereken konulard\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n [1]<\/a> M\u00fcptezel: De\u011fersiz ki\u015filer.<\/span><\/p>\n [2]<\/a> Hezel: Ciddiyetsiz, keyif ve e\u011flence d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn\u00fc.<\/span><\/p>\n
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