\u0130slam\u2019\u0131n adalet ve h\u00fcrriyet esaslar\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131mak ve Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Bat\u0131y\u0131 ilim ve ahlakla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak isteyen M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, bunun ilk kap\u0131s\u0131 olan \u0130stanbul\u2019u almak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok te\u015febb\u00fcse ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. <\/b><\/p>\n
M\u00fcmtaz Ayd\u0131n\u2019\u0131n g\u00fczel tespitleriyle: \u0130stanbul, pek \u00e7ok \u00f6zelli\u011finin yan\u0131nda; \u00e7ok ku\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 ile de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n say\u0131l\u0131 \u015fehirlerindendir. Stratejik konumu, \u00f6nemli bir din\u00ee merkez olmas\u0131, zenginlik ve g\u00fczellik gibi \u00f6zellikleri \u0130stanbul\u2019un defalarca ku\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131na sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir.. \u0130stanbul sadece M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, gayrim\u00fcslimler taraf\u0131ndan da defalarca ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u015fehirdir. Son olarak Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyanlarca da ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131 bunun en canl\u0131 \u00f6rneklerinden biridir.<\/b><\/p>\n
1453\u2019te Fatih Sultan Mehmed taraf\u0131ndan fethedilinceye kadar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarca da defalarca ku\u015fat\u0131lan \u0130stanbul, \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2lemi i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc co\u011fraf\u00ee konumu itibariyle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n adalet ve asalet medeniyetini yaymak i\u00e7in Bat\u0131\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131labilece\u011fi stratejik bir konuma haizdir.<\/b><\/p>\n
Hz. Peygamber (S.A.V) d\u00f6neminde en \u00f6nemli iki imparatorluktan biri <\/b>S\u00e2s\u00e2ni,<\/b> di\u011feri ise Bizans \u0130mparatorlu idi. Asr-\u0131 Saadet\u2019te M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar <\/b>Mute<\/b> ve <\/b>Teb\u00fck<\/b>\u2019te Bizansl\u0131larla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Fetihten yakla\u015f\u0131k sekiz as\u0131r \u00f6nce Hz. Peygamber (S.A.V): \u201cKostant\u0131niyye (\u0130stanbul) muhakkak fethedilecektir. Onu fetheden kumandana ve askerlerine ne mutlu!..\u201d<\/i> mealindeki hadis-i \u015ferifiyle bu \u015fehri \u00fcmmetine hedef g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. Bu m\u00fcjdesinde \u2018kumandan ve askerleri\u2019 \u00f6zellikle zikretmesi, buran\u0131n davet veya sulh gibi yollarla de\u011fil, ancak asker\u00ee bir m\u00fccadele ile fethedilebilece\u011fine i\u015faretti. Daha sonra hil\u00e2fet makam\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden idareciler, bunu emir kabul etmi\u015f ve fetih \u015ferefine nail olmak i\u00e7in seferlere giri\u015fmi\u015flerdir.<\/b><\/p>\n
Daha Hz. Peygamber (S.A.V) zaman\u0131nda ba\u015flayan Bizans gazalar\u0131, 634-641 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Suriye, Filistin ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n fethinden sonra, \u0130stanbul\u2019a y\u00f6nelmi\u015fti. Hz. Osman d\u00f6neminde Suriye Valisi olan Muaviye\u2019nin kurdu\u011fu ilk \u0130sl\u00e2m donanmas\u0131, 655 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019a ilk deniz seferini tertip etmi\u015fti. Bizans donanmas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n denizde kazand\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck zafer sonras\u0131nda \u0130mparator Konstans, ancak k\u0131yafet de\u011fi\u015ftirerek kurtulabilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
B\u00f6ylece, \u0130stanbul\u2019un M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan karadan ilk muhasaras\u0131, Emeviler d\u00f6neminde Halife Muaviye zaman\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. \u0130mparator Konstans\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 isyan etmi\u015f olan Ermenye Valisi Saborios\u2019un yard\u0131m iste\u011fi, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n hedefinde bulunan Bizans\u2019a sefer d\u00fczenlenmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Fetihle \u015fereflenmek isteyen bu g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcler ordusunun ba\u015f\u0131nda, Fadala b. Ubeyd bulunuyordu. Ba\u015fta Eb\u00fb Eyy\u00fbbe\u2019l-Ensar\u00ee (ra) olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok sahabi de bu sefere kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Malatya-Kayseri-Eski\u015fehir yolunu takip ederek Kad\u0131k\u00f6y\u2019e varan ordu, uzun yolculuk ve so\u011fuklar sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar verdi. Buna ra\u011fmen \u00e7e\u015fitli takviyelerle Bo\u011faz ge\u00e7ilerek \u0130stanbul ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131. Yaz boyunca s\u00fcren muhasara, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n yakla\u015fmas\u0131yla kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lerlemi\u015f ya\u015f\u0131na ra\u011fmen sefere kat\u0131lan Eb\u00fb Eyy\u00fbb Hazretleri (ra), vasiyeti \u00fczerine surlara yak\u0131n bir yere defnedildi (669). Onun \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yer, fetih esnas\u0131nda Ak\u015femseddin Hazretleri taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilerek, oraya bir t\u00fcrbe in\u015fa edildi. Daha sonra yerle\u015fim birimi h\u00e2line gelen bu semtte, \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015fen pek \u00e7ok sahabinin de kabirleri bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul ikinci defa yine Emevi halifesi Muaviye zaman\u0131nda ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 673 y\u0131l\u0131nda hareket eden \u0130sl\u00e2m donanmas\u0131, Akdeniz ve Ege sahillerinde baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli yerleri ele ge\u00e7irerek, \u0130stanbul\u2019a gelmi\u015f, \u0130stanbul\u2019u eyl\u00fcl sonlar\u0131na kadar hem denizden hem de karadan ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat \u0130sl\u00e2m donanmas\u0131 yine so\u011fuklar\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 sebebiyle Kap\u0131da\u011f\u0131 Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019na \u00e7ekildi. 675 y\u0131l\u0131 bahar\u0131nda tekrar harekete ge\u00e7en ordu, Bizans donanmas\u0131na a\u011f\u0131r zayiatlar verdirdi. Yedi y\u0131l boyunca yazlar\u0131 ku\u015fat\u0131p k\u0131\u015f\u0131n da yar\u0131madaya \u00e7ekilen \u0130sl\u00e2m ordusu; sava\u015f, hastal\u0131k ve so\u011fuklardan zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ayr\u0131ca Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n att\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u2019Grejuva\u2019 ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri (su i\u00e7inde de yanan muhtemelen petrolden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan), ate\u015f sil\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 da, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara \u00e7ok kay\u0131plar verdirmi\u015fti. Bu ku\u015fatma da 680 y\u0131l\u0131nda kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Halife Velid, 714 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 fetih haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n neticesini g\u00f6remeden vefat edince; yerine ge\u00e7en karde\u015fi S\u00fcleyman, haz\u0131rlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kara ve deniz kuvvetlerini harekete ge\u00e7irdi. Mesleme komutas\u0131ndaki donanma, \u00c7anakkale\u2019yi ge\u00e7erek muhasaraya ba\u015flad\u0131, Hali\u00e7 \u00f6n\u00fcne gerilmi\u015f olan zincire kadar geldi. Ancak Mesleme, Rum ate\u015fine maruz kal\u0131nca, zayiat veren donanmas\u0131n\u0131 geri \u00e7ekmek mecburiyetinde kald\u0131. Kara ordusunun ba\u015f\u0131nda ise, \u0130sl\u00e2m kahramanlar\u0131ndan Seyyid Battal Gazi bulunuyordu. Battal Gazi\u2019nin, papaz k\u0131yafetiyle \u0130stanbul\u2019a girip faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi rivayet edilir. Ancak tan\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u0130stanbul\u2019dan a\u011f\u0131r yaral\u0131 olarak ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, Eski\u015fehir taraflar\u0131nda Bizansl\u0131larca \u015fehit edilmi\u015ftir. Mezar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yer, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Seyitgazi il\u00e7esidir.<\/p>\n
Sert ge\u00e7en k\u0131\u015f sebebiyle kara ordusunda da kay\u0131p \u00e7oktu. Bu a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlara ra\u011fmen muhasaraya devam eden Mesleme, Halife S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n vefat\u0131ndan sonra yerine ge\u00e7en \u00d6mer bin Abd\u00fclaziz\u2019in daha fazla zayiat olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in geri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00fczerine ku\u015fatmay\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ku\u015fatmada da fetih m\u00fcyesser olmad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bu muhasara s\u0131ras\u0131nda Mesleme, \u0130stanbul\u2019da cami in\u015fa ettirmi\u015fti. Bug\u00fcn Arap Camii ismiyle an\u0131lan bu yap\u0131, Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 Tu\u011frul Bey zaman\u0131nda tamir edilerek kullan\u0131lmaya devam edilmi\u015ftir. M\u00fcteakip y\u0131llarda Selahaddin Eyy\u00fbbi, \u015fehir i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan bu cami i\u00e7in, \u0130mparator Isaac ile cuma namazlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 hususunda anla\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu da zikredilen tarihlerde bu b\u00f6lgede -az da olsa- M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplar taraf\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul\u2019a son sefer, Halife el-Mehdi zaman\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Harun kumandas\u0131nda 781 y\u0131l\u0131nda yola \u00e7\u0131kan ordu, \u0130zmit\u2019te Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131 yendikten sonra \u00dcsk\u00fcdar\u2019a kadar ilerlemi\u015ftir. Ancak Bizansl\u0131lar y\u0131ll\u0131k vergi \u00f6demek \u015fart\u0131yla anla\u015fma yapmay\u0131 kabul edince ku\u015fatma kald\u0131r\u0131larak geri d\u00f6n\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Sel\u00e7uklu ve Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemi<\/b><\/p>\n
1071 Malazgirt Zaferi\u2019yle Anadolu\u2019nun kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrklere a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra, Bizans bu defa, Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin fetih hareketlerinin yeni hedefi h\u00e2line geldi. Nitekim 1075 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kutalm\u0131\u015fo\u011flu S\u00fcleyman Bey \u00dcsk\u00fcdar\u2019a kadar ilerledi. Di\u011fer taraftan \u0130zmir\u2019de kendi emirli\u011fini kurmu\u015f olan \u00c7aka Bey de donanmayla, daha \u00f6nce birka\u00e7 defa denizde ma\u011flup etti\u011fi Bizans\u2019\u0131, bu defa \u00c7anakkale ve Gelibolu taraflar\u0131ndan ku\u015fatt\u0131. Hem Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n hem de \u00c7aka Bey’in ku\u015fatmas\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015fan \u0130mparator Komnenos, Avrupa H\u0131ristiyan d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan yard\u0131m isteyerek, bu ku\u015fatmalardan zorlukla kurtulabildi.<\/p>\n
Anadolu topraklar\u0131nda yeni kurulmu\u015f bulunan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, kurulu\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren \u0130stanbul ile yak\u0131ndan ilgilenmi\u015ftir. Daha Orhan Bey ve 1. Murad zaman\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerine kar\u015f\u0131, Bizans Kral\u0131, 1340 senesinde di\u011fer beyliklerden yard\u0131m istemek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu asker\u00ee hareketler esasl\u0131 bir ku\u015fatmadan ziyade, surlar\u0131 yoklama faaliyetidir.<\/p>\n
Fetihten \u00f6nce \u0130stanbul\u2019un al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in en fazla gayret eden padi\u015fah, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid\u2019dir. Kosova Zaferi\u2019nden sonra Balkanlardaki h\u00e2kimiyetini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, ilk defa -Bizans\u2019taki taht kavgalar\u0131n\u0131 da f\u0131rsat bilip- 1390 y\u0131l\u0131nda Edirne\u2019den ordusuyla hareket ederek \u0130stanbul \u00f6nlerine geldi. Bizans\u2019\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r vergiler \u00f6demeyi kabul etmesi \u00fczerine ku\u015fatmay\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Eski kral\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7en 2. Manuel\u2019in anla\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131na uymamas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Osmanl\u0131 ordusu, 1391 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rumeli\u2019ye ge\u00e7ip \u0130stanbul\u2019a kadar olan topraklar\u0131 fethederek \u015fehri de ku\u015fatt\u0131. Muhasaran\u0131n yedinci ay\u0131nda, Macarlar\u0131n Tuna\u2019y\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Sofya\u2019ya do\u011fru ilerlemesi \u00fczerine, padi\u015fah\u0131n o tarafa sefer d\u00fczenlemesi, Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n bu ku\u015fatmadan da kurtulmas\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/p>\n
Fetih d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden vazge\u00e7meyen Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid, bu defa 1395 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kuvvetle \u015fehri ku\u015fatarak s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Donanman\u0131n da ku\u015fatmaya kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla iyice zor durumda kalan \u0130mparator Manuel, yine Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan yard\u0131m talep etti ve bunun \u00fczerine T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 bir ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferi d\u00fczenlendi. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusunu Ni\u011fbolu\u2019da ma\u011flup eden Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid, tekrar harekete ge\u00e7ti. 1397 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i\u2019ndeki Anadolu Hisar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 yapt\u0131rarak Bo\u011faz\u2019a giri\u015f-\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 da kontrol alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f oldu. Ku\u015fatma olabildi\u011fince \u015fiddetlenmesine ra\u011fmen, \u015fehirdeki savunma tedbirleri sebebiyle surlar\u0131 a\u015fmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmuyordu. Bizans \u0130mparatoru\u2019nun; \u015fehirde bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman mahallesinin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131, cami ve mescitlerin yap\u0131larak buralarda padi\u015fah ad\u0131na hutbe okutulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131 kabul etmesi \u00fczerine bu ku\u015fatma da kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m zaman\u0131nda \u0130stanbul son olarak 1400 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilkbahar\u0131nda ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131. Padi\u015fah\u0131n Anadolu\u2019daki meselelerle me\u015fgul olmas\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilen Manuel\u2019in, \u015eile ve \u0130zmit taraflar\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 hisarlar\u0131 zapt etmesi \u00fczerine, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid, haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlay\u0131p \u0130stanbul\u2019a do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc ve ku\u015fatma tekrar ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu defa ba\u015far\u0131yla s\u00fcren muhasara ile neticeye ula\u015f\u0131lacak ve \u015fehir zapt edilecek iken, do\u011fudan gelip Sivas\u2019\u0131 zapt eden Timur, bu hareketin de yar\u0131m kalmas\u0131na sebep oldu. Timur\u2019un bu hareketi \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethini \u00f6nlemekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ciddi bir duraklamaya girmesine de sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul fetihten \u00f6nce, son defa Fatih Sultan Mehmed\u2019in babas\u0131 2. Murad zaman\u0131nda ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine Anadolu\u2019daki baz\u0131 i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klardan faydalanmak isteyen Bizans, padi\u015faha kar\u015f\u0131 isyan eden D\u00fczmece Mustafa adl\u0131 sahte veliahd\u0131 desteklemi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeyi hedeflemi\u015ftir. \u0130syan\u0131 bast\u0131r\u0131p Edirne\u2019ye d\u00f6nen Sultan Murad, Bizans meselesini halletmek \u0130\u00e7in \u0130stanbul \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve iyi haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f bu orduyla surlar\u0131 tekrar ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak bu defa padi\u015fah\u0131n karde\u015fi Mustafa\u2019n\u0131n Anadolu\u2019da isyan etmesi, Bizans\u2019\u0131 bir ku\u015fatmadan daha kurtarmaya yetmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
1453 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde art\u0131k Rumeli\u2019de neredeyse \u0130stanbul hari\u00e7 b\u00fct\u00fcn topraklar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, kaleler fethedilmi\u015fti. \u0130stanbul ise, co\u011fraf\u00ee durumu itibariyle Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Bat\u0131\u2019ya do\u011fru olan fetih hareketlerinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir engel ve \u00e2deta bir k\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm olarak duruyordu. Bu k\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7la kesilerek a\u00e7\u0131labilirdi. Bu k\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7mak, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda Fatih Sultan Mehmed\u2019e nasip olmu\u015f ve as\u0131rlar sonra, Hz. Peygamber\u2019in (S.A.V) m\u00fcjdeledi\u011fi fetih de b\u00f6ylece ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n <\/b><\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Rumeli\u2019ye ilk ge\u00e7i\u015fleri:<\/b><\/p>\n Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’nin bir u\u00e7 beyi olan Ertu\u011frul Gazi, Bizans’a ba\u011fl\u0131 Rum beyliklerinin topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kendi topraklar\u0131na katarak mesk\u00fbn bulunduklar\u0131 alan\u0131 geni\u015fletmesini bilmi\u015fti. Kay\u0131’ya, Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ‘Beylik’ unvan\u0131 verilirken, beyli\u011fin ba\u015f\u0131na da Osman Bey ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011finin k\u00f6k sal\u0131p geni\u015flemeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde, Anadolu’da siyas\u00ee birlik par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f, kendi ba\u015f\u0131na hareket eden beylikler ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’nin g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybedip zay\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli beyliklerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011finin ise devlete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu devir bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemidir. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin b\u00f6yle kritik bir zamanda Anadolu’daki otorite bo\u015flu\u011funu doldurdu\u011funu, \u00fclkede birlik ve d\u00fczeni tesis etti\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n Bursa’n\u0131n fethinden sonra, e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim m\u00fcesseselerine \u00f6nem ve \u00f6ncelik veriliyor; maneviyat \u00f6nderleri de devlet idaresinde vazife alanlarla yak\u0131n temas kurarak onlar\u0131 manev\u00ee y\u00f6nden e\u011fitiyor, gelecekteki muhte\u015fem devletin temellerini tesis ediyordu. Bu alandaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar k\u0131sa zaman i\u00e7inde meyvelerini veriyor, Osmanl\u0131, cihan devleti olma yolunda sa\u011flam temeller \u00fczerinde y\u00fckseliyordu. Anadolu’daki karga\u015fan\u0131n i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015fmeyen ve Do\u011fu’daki T\u00fcrk ve \u0130sl\u00e2m topluluklar\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015fmayan Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in, Rumeli’ye do\u011fru yeni fetih hareketlerine ba\u015flama zaman\u0131 gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Orhan Gazi d\u00f6neminde, Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131ndaki h\u00e2kimiyetin ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 olan ‘Rumeli’ye ge\u00e7i\u015f’ harek\u00e2t\u0131 ba\u015flar. 1354’te S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n Gelibolu’yu fethi ile ba\u015flayan zaferler serisi, Edirne (1361), S\u0131rps\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1364) ve \u00c7irmen (1374) ile devam etmi\u015f; daha sonra s\u0131ras\u0131yla Kosova (1389), Ni\u011fbolu (1396) ve Varna (1444) ile Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordular\u0131 hezimete u\u011frat\u0131larak Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n Balkanlardaki h\u00e2kimiyeti kal\u0131c\u0131 h\u00e2le getirilmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra \u0130stanbul’un fethi ile Fatih Sultan Mehmed Han, Osmanl\u0131’y\u0131 Dalma\u00e7ya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na kadar ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Balkanlar\u0131 fetheden Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, buran\u0131n etnik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131na uygun bir sistem geli\u015ftirmi\u015f ve bunu uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sayede de bu co\u011frafyada ciddi muhalefetle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmadan uzun y\u0131llar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmi\u015ftir. Bu yeni sisteme g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 idaresi halk\u0131 bezdiren feodal toprak sistemini kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f; onun yerine mir\u00ee arazi sistemi uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bizans’\u0131n halk\u0131 ezen feodal toprak rejiminde k\u00f6yl\u00fc senenin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 toprak sahiplerinin yarar\u0131na \u00fccretsiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Osmanl\u0131 idaresinde k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fck\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece yerli H\u0131ristiyan halk yaln\u0131z vergi vermekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc tutulmu\u015ftur, bu \u00e2dil ve insan\u00ee uygulamalar sayesinde halk k\u00f6le muamelesi g\u00f6rmekten kurtulmu\u015ftur. Bu d\u00f6nemde Balkanlara Anadolu’dan getirilen T\u00fcrkler de yerle\u015ftirildi. Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n uygulamalar\u0131 neticesi Balkanlarda bar\u0131\u015f ve adalet h\u00e2kim oldu. Din, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve milliyet farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Balkan toplumlar\u0131n\u0131 bir arada tutan unsur, ecdad\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n adaletli davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve derin ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/b><\/p>\n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetinden ayr\u0131lan Balkanlarda, o eski huzur ve d\u00fczen bir daha tesis edilememi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcnlerde ilim adamlar\u0131 ve siyaset bilimciler Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n b\u00f6lgeyi nas\u0131l idare etti\u011fini ara\u015ft\u0131rmakta ve problemlere \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aramaktad\u0131r.<\/b><\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n