{"id":2704,"date":"2013-09-25T16:27:39","date_gmt":"2013-09-25T16:27:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/2013\/09\/25\/ataturkun-hayati-ve-hatirlattiklari\/"},"modified":"2013-09-25T16:27:39","modified_gmt":"2013-09-25T16:27:39","slug":"ataturkun-hayati-ve-hatirlattiklari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/2013\/ekim-2013\/ataturkun-hayati-ve-hatirlattiklari\/","title":{"rendered":"ATAT\u00dcRK\u2019\u00dcN HAYATI VE HATIRLATTIKLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk; (13 Mart 1881 \/ Selanik \u2013 10 Kas\u0131m 1938 \/ \u0130stanbul) yak\u0131n tarihimize y\u00f6n ve \u015fekil veren en \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyetlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen bir Osmanl\u0131 subay\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eanl\u0131 bir devlet ve medeniyetin, hangi d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7ler ve gerek\u00e7elerle ve hangi i\u00e7 nedenler ve neticelerle \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne \u015fahit olmu\u015f, yeniden direni\u015f ve kurtulu\u015fun ve yeni bir Milli restorasyonun (asli temeller ve direkler \u00fczerinde yeniden kurulu\u015fun) \u00fczerinde kafa yormu\u015f, emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler ve yerli i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ileriyle \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu m\u00fccadele i\u00e7inde yo\u011frulmu\u015f bir kahramand\u0131r. Kimileri kendi sapk\u0131n Darwinist saplant\u0131lar\u0131 ve gizli Siyonist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc saltanatlar\u0131 i\u00e7in Kemalizm ad\u0131na, tamamen dinden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 temeline dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ideoloji uydurup uygulam\u0131\u015f; kimileri de Mustafa Kemal\u2019i \u201cDinsiz Deccal\u201d g\u00f6sterip, din istismarlar\u0131n\u0131 ve Siyonizm-emperyalizm u\u015fakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, Atat\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Oysa Atat\u00fcrk inan\u00e7l\u0131 ve kararl\u0131 bir insand\u0131r. O \u0130slam\u2019a de\u011fil; din istismar\u0131na, ak\u0131l ve vicdan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 safsatalara ve zamanla yozla\u015f\u0131p kofla\u015fm\u0131\u015f kurum ve kurallara kar\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Tarihi devrimlerine de i\u015fte bu y\u00fczden kalk\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve elbette do\u011fru ad\u0131mlar yan\u0131nda, eksik b\u0131rak\u0131lan hatalar da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Bat\u0131 medeniyetinin hem \u0130slam\u2019dan, hem bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan kaynaklanan baz\u0131 do\u011fru verilerinden yararlanmak, b\u00f6ylece \u00f6nce aram\u0131zdaki mesafeyi kapat\u0131p sonra onlar\u0131 a\u015fmak (Muas\u0131r medeniyetin fevkine \u00e7\u0131kmak) i\u00e7in, harf ink\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131 laz\u0131md\u0131, yararl\u0131yd\u0131; ancak eski yaz\u0131y\u0131 tamamen yasaklamak ve unutturmak yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve zararl\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yeti\u015fen yeni nesil, muhte\u015fem bir medeniyet birikimi olan kitaplar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, tarihi belge ve kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 okuyup anlamaz hale sokulmu\u015flard\u0131. Oysa Latin harflerine ge\u00e7ilmekle beraber, eski yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n da \u00f6\u011fretilmesinde hi\u00e7bir sak\u0131nca bulunmamaktayd\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ve yine \u00e7o\u011fu meskenet yuvas\u0131na \u00e7evrilmi\u015f, asli \u00f6zelli\u011fini ve i\u015flevini yitirmi\u015f, hatta bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Sabataist (Gizli Yahudilerin) g\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fcne girmi\u015f tekke ve zaviyelerin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 bir zaruret halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak toplumun manevi ve ahlaki e\u011fitim ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak yeni ve yeterli kurumlar\u0131n hizmete sokulmamas\u0131, bu bo\u015flu\u011fun din istismarc\u0131lar\u0131nca ve ehil olmayan insanlarca doldurulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ve tabi \u00f6nce Sultan Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 haks\u0131z bir muhalefet bayra\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7anlar\u0131n ve mason ittihat\u00e7\u0131larla ortak safta bulunan \u0130slamc\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n, daha sonra Mustafa Kemal\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 da ayn\u0131 olumsuz tavr\u0131 tak\u0131nmalar\u0131n\u0131n, psikolojik yan\u0131lg\u0131lar\u0131 ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze y\u00f6nelik politik yans\u0131malar\u0131 \u00fczerinde de, dikkatle durulmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ve asla unutulmas\u0131n ki, Atat\u00fcrk de nihayet bir insand\u0131. Haliyle Onun da yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve yan\u0131lg\u0131lar\u0131 olacakt\u0131. Elbette Onun da \u201cke\u015fke yapmasam\u201d dedi\u011fi pi\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131, isteyip te ba\u015faramad\u0131klar\u0131, ba\u015flay\u0131p ta yar\u0131m b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131. Ama her \u015feye ra\u011fmen, \u015fanl\u0131 kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00f6nderlik yapan ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyetini bize miras b\u0131rakan zatt\u0131. Kald\u0131 ki O\u2019nun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdeki \u015fartlar\u0131, imk\u00e2nlar\u0131, zorluklar\u0131 ve dengeleri g\u00f6zetmek zorunda oldu\u011fu g\u00fc\u00e7 odaklar\u0131n\u0131 hesaba katmak laz\u0131md\u0131. Bu nedenle Onu tabula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p Tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ranlar da, Ona d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k yapanlar da haks\u0131zd\u0131 ve k\u00f6t\u00fc maksatl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 Mustafa Kemal\u2019in \u00c7ocukluk ve gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131:<\/span><\/strong> (1881-1904)<\/span><\/p>\n

1839’da Mekadonyadaki Kocac\u0131k’ta do\u011fdu\u011fu san\u0131lan babas\u0131 Ali R\u0131za Efendi aslen Manast\u0131r’a ba\u011fl\u0131 Debre-i B\u00e2l\u00e2’dand\u0131r. Babas\u0131n\u0131n ailesinin Arnavutlardan oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylense de asl\u0131nda, 14-15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Anadolu’dan b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f olan Y\u00f6r\u00fcklerden oldu\u011fu saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ailesi ile Selanik’e g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Ali R\u0131za Bey, burada g\u00fcmr\u00fck memurlu\u011fu ve kereste ticareti yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ali R\u0131za Bey, 93 Harbi (1877-78) esnas\u0131nda yerel birliklerde g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc te\u011fmen olarak g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn ailesinin k\u0131smen de olsa Osmanl\u0131’daki elit tabakadan oldu\u011funun bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Ali R\u0131za Bey, 1871 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1857 y\u0131l\u0131nda Selanik’in bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Langaza’da \u00e7ift\u00e7i bir ailede do\u011fan Z\u00fcbeyde Han\u0131m’la evlenmi\u015fler, Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, bu \u00e7iftin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak, Rum\u00ee 1296 (milad\u00ee 1881) y\u0131l\u0131nda Selanik’te do\u011fmu\u015flard\u0131r. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn, Fatma, \u00d6mer, Ahmet, Naciye ve Makbule adl\u0131 be\u015fkarde\u015finin ilk d\u00f6rd\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, sadece Makbule Han\u0131m hayatta kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6\u011frenim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na gelen Mustafa’n\u0131n hangi okula gidece\u011fi konusunda annesi ile babas\u0131 aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Annesi Mustafa’n\u0131n Haf\u0131z Mehmet Efendi’nin mahalle mektebine gitmesini arzulam\u0131\u015f, babas\u0131 ise o d\u00f6nemki yeni y\u00f6ntemlerle e\u011fitim yapan \u015eemsi \u0130btidai’nde (\u015eemsi Efendi Mektebi) okumas\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonunda \u00f6nce mahalle mektebine ba\u015flayan Mustafa, bir m\u00fcddet sonra \u015eemsi Efendi Mektebi’ne aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1888 y\u0131l\u0131nda hen\u00fcz yedi ya\u015f\u0131nda iken babas\u0131n\u0131 kaybedince, bir s\u00fcre Rapla \u00c7iftli\u011fi’nde annesinin \u00fcvey karde\u015fi H\u00fcseyin’in yan\u0131nda kal\u0131p hafif \u00e7iftlik i\u015fleriyle u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra -e\u011fitimsiz kalaca\u011f\u0131ndan endi\u015fe eden annesinin iste\u011fiyle tekrar Selanik’e d\u00f6n\u00fcp okulunu tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu arada yaln\u0131z kalan Z\u00fcbeyde Han\u0131m, Selanik’te g\u00fcmr\u00fck memuru olan Rag\u0131p Bey ile ikinci evlili\u011fini yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mustafa, \u00f6nce b\u00fcrokrat yeti\u015ftiren Sel\u00e2nik M\u00fclkiye R\u00fc\u015ftiyesi’ne yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ancak muhitindeki asker\u00ee \u00f6\u011frencilerin \u00fcniformalar\u0131ndan da etkilenerek -annesinin kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen-1893 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sel\u00e2nik Asker\u00ee R\u00fc\u015ftiyesi’ne kay\u0131t yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu okulda Matematik \u00d6\u011fretmeni Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 \u00dcsk\u00fcpl\u00fc Mustafa Sabri Bey ona anlam\u0131 \u201cm\u00fckemmellik, olgunluk\u201d olan “Kemal” ad\u0131n\u0131 takm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mustafa Kemal kendisine a\u011fabeylik yapan Sel\u00e2nikli subay Hasan Bey’in tavsiyesine uyarak Manast\u0131r Asker\u00ee \u0130dadisi’ne kaydolmu\u015f, bu tarihte ba\u015flayan 1897 Osmanl\u0131-Yunan Sava\u015f\u0131’na g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak kat\u0131lmak istediyse de hem \u0130dadi \u00f6\u011frencisi oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, hem de hen\u00fcz 16 ya\u015f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in cepheye al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu okulu ikincilikle bitirip. 13 Mart 1899’da \u0130stanbul’da Mekteb-i Harbiye-i \u015eahane’ye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 1902’de M\u00fclaz\u0131m bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ismiyle Te\u011fmen r\u00fctbesiyle 549 ki\u015fi aras\u0131ndan piyade s\u0131n\u0131f sekizincisi (1317 – P.8) olarak tamamlay\u0131p, ard\u0131ndan Erkan-\u0131 Harbiye Mektebi’ne (Harp Akademisi) devam ederek 11 Ocak 1905’te Kurmay Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 r\u00fctbesiyle mezun olup, Osmanl\u0131 Ordusuna kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Askerlik A\u015famalar\u0131: (1905-1918)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kurmay Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Mustafa Kemal, mezuniyetinin ard\u0131ndan merkezi \u015eam’da bulunan 5.Ordu’ya staja g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f, burada piyade, s\u00fcvari ve top\u00e7u s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.1905-1907 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u015eam’da L\u00fctfi M\u00fcfit Bey (\u00d6zde\u015f) ile birlikte 5. Ordu emrinde g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck r\u00fctbeli stajyer bir kurmay subay olarak Suriye’nin \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerindeki isyanlarla ilgilenen Mustafa Kemal, “k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sava\u015f” (gerilla sava\u015f\u0131) \u00fczerine tecr\u00fcbe kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1906 Ekim ay\u0131nda Binba\u015f\u0131 L\u00fctfi Bey, Dr. Mahmut Bey, L\u00fctfi M\u00fcfit (\u00d6zde\u015f) Bey ve asker\u00ee tabip Mustafa Cantekin ile birlikte ‘Vatan ve H\u00fcrriyet’ adl\u0131 bir cemiyeti kurduktan sonra izinsiz Sel\u00e2nik’e gitmi\u015f, Sel\u00e2nik Merkez Komutan Muavini Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Cemil Bey (Uybad\u0131n)’in yard\u0131m\u0131yla karaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p orada cemiyetinin \u015fubesini a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir s\u00fcre sonra arand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenince kendisine a\u011fabeylik yapan Albay Hasan Bey, Yafa’ya d\u00f6n\u00fcp oran\u0131n komutan\u0131 Ahmet Bey’e M\u0131s\u0131r s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda B\u00eer\u00fcssebi’ye g\u00f6nderildi\u011fini bildirmesini \u00f6nermi\u015f, Ahmet Bey de Mustafa Kemal Bey’i B\u00eer\u00fcssebi’ye tayin etmi\u015f ve bir s\u00fcre sonra top\u00e7u staj i\u00e7in tekrar \u015eam’a yollanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 20 Haziran 1907’de Kola\u011fas\u0131 (K\u0131demli Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131) olan Mustafa Kemal 13 Ekim 1907’de 3.Ordu’ya kurmay olarak atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Sel\u00e2nik’e vard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ‘Vatan ve H\u00fcrriyet’in \u015fubesinin \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’ne ilhak edildi\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenince, bu y\u00fczden kendisi de 1908 \u015eubat ay\u0131nda \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’ne \u00fcye olmu\u015f, ancak onlar\u0131n masonik niyetlerini ve sabataist hedeflerini fark edince hemen ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 22 Haziran 1908’de Rumeli Do\u011fu B\u00f6lgesi Demiryollar\u0131 M\u00fcfetti\u015fli\u011fine atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Atat\u00fcrk daha sonra Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201ck\u00f6k\u00fc d\u0131\u015far\u0131da fesat ocaklar\u0131 ve Yahudi \u00c7\u0131f\u0131tlar\u0131\u201d oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle MASON LOCALARINI kapatm\u0131\u015f; Mustafa Kemal\u2019in dengeler dahisi olarak kendilerini oyalay\u0131p aldatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayan k\u00fcresel Siyonist odaklar ve sabataist cunta, a\u011f\u0131r a\u011f\u0131r \u00f6l\u00fcme s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen zehirli ila\u00e7larla ona suikasta ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

23 Temmuz 1908’de Me\u015frutiyet’in ilan\u0131ndan sonra Aral\u0131k 1908 sonlar\u0131nda b\u00f6lgedeki toplumsal ve siyasal sorunlar\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenlik konular\u0131n\u0131 incelemek \u00fczere bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Libya’n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan Trablusgarp’a yollanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada hem d\u0131\u015f sald\u0131r\u0131lara ve k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalara kar\u015f\u0131 koymak, hem de k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lge insanlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in bir yedek sivil ordu planlamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

13 Ocak 1909’da 3. Ordu’ya ba\u011fl\u0131 Selanik Redif F\u0131rkas\u0131’n\u0131n Kurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. 13 Nisan 1909’da Sultan Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019i devirmek ve ba\u015fs\u0131z Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fini bitirmek \u00fczere tezg\u00e2hlanan 31 Mart Ayaklanmas\u0131’n\u0131 bast\u0131rmak \u00fczere Selanik ve Edirne’den yola \u00e7\u0131kan Mirliva Mahmut \u015eevket Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131ndaki Hareket Ordusu’na ba\u011fl\u0131 birinci kademe birliklerinin kurmay ba\u015fkan\u0131yd\u0131. Daha sonra 3. Ordu Kurmayl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 3. Ordu Subay Talimg\u00e2h\u0131 Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 5. Kolordu Kurmayl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 38. Piyade Alay\u0131 Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revlerinde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal Bey, 12 Eyl\u00fcl -18 Eyl\u00fcl 1910’da Fransa’da d\u00fczenlenen Picardie Manevralar\u0131’na kat\u0131ld\u0131. Burada u\u00e7aklar\u0131n deneme u\u00e7u\u015funa davet edildiyse de yan\u0131ndaki komutan\u0131n\u0131n uyar\u0131s\u0131yla u\u00e7a\u011fa binmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131. Binece\u011fi u\u00e7ak yere \u00e7ak\u0131ld\u0131 ve u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunanlar \u00f6ld\u00fc. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 bunu \u201ckaderin onu tarihi de\u011fi\u015fimlere \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck yapmas\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d <\/i><\/strong>\u015feklinde yorumlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Mustafa Kemal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan 27 Eyl\u00fcl 1911’de \u0130stanbul’da Genelkurmay Kararg\u00e2h\u0131nda g\u00f6rev ald\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Libya \u00c7\u0131karmas\u0131!<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130talyanlar’\u0131n Libya’ya sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla 19 Eyl\u00fcl 1911’de ba\u015flayan Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131’nda, 27 Kas\u0131m 1911’de Binba\u015f\u0131 olan Mustafa Kemal Bey, di\u011fer subaylarla birlikte 18 Aral\u0131k 1911’de yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Mustafa Kemal ile grubu, M\u0131s\u0131r’da Kahire ve \u0130skenderiye \u00fczerinden Bingazi’ye ula\u015ft\u0131. 22 Aral\u0131k’ta Tobruk yak\u0131n\u0131nda zafer kazand\u0131. Derne’deki 16 – 17 Ocak 1912 taarruzunda g\u00f6z\u00fcnden yaralan\u0131p bir ay hastanede yatt\u0131. 6 Mart’ta Derne Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na atand\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n eyl\u00fcl\u00fcnde ba\u015flayan bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerine ra\u011fmen \u0130talyanlarla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00fcrerken, Karada\u011f’\u0131n 8 Ekim’de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne isyana kalk\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131’n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 nedeniyle bar\u0131\u015fa raz\u0131 olunmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Mustafa Kemal ve di\u011fer subaylar \u0130stanbul’a geri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131. Mustafa Kemal Libya\u2019da daha sonra T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gelip Anadolu\u2019nun \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 dola\u015farak halk\u0131 Milli M\u00fccadeleye kat\u0131lmaya te\u015fvik eden, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130slam alimi \u015eeyh Ahmet S\u00fcnusi ile tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, onlara gerilla sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n taktiklerini aktarm\u0131\u015f ve bir bak\u0131ma, filmini ibret ve hayretle izledi\u011fimiz <\/span><\/strong>\u00d6mer Muhtar<\/span><\/strong>\u2019lar\u0131n \u015fanl\u0131 direni\u015fine alt yap\u0131 haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131’n\u0131n patlak vermesiyle 24 Ekim 1912’de \u0130stanbul’a hareket etti ve 24 Kas\u0131m 1912’de kararg\u00e2h\u0131 Bolay\u0131r’da bulunan Bahr-i Sefit Bo\u011faz\u0131 (Akdeniz Bo\u011faz\u0131) Kuvayi M\u00fcrettebesi Harek\u00e2t \u015eubesi M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc’ne atand\u0131. Maalesef koca Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun burada General Stilian Georgiev Kovachev komutas\u0131ndaki Bulgar 4. Ordusuna yenilmesi Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc derinden sarst\u0131. Haziran 1913’de ba\u015flayan \u0130kinci Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131’nda komutas\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki birliklerle Dimetoka ve Edirne’ye girmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Atat\u00fcrk; Sofya Ata\u015femiliteri iken, verilen kost\u00fcml\u00fc baloya milli ve haysiyetli bir gayretle yeni\u00e7eri k\u0131yafeti ile gitmi\u015f ve etraf\u0131nda derin bir hayranl\u0131k uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu g\u00f6revde iken 1 Mart 1914’te Kaymakam (Yarbay)l\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

28 Temmuz 1914’de I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 patlad\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti de 29 Ekim 1914’te \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n derin gafleti, belki de bilin\u00e7li h\u0131yaneti ile Alman\u2019lar\u0131n saf\u0131nda sava\u015fa kat\u0131ld\u0131. 20 Ocak 1915’de Mustafa Kemal  3. Kolordu emrinde Tekfurda\u011f’da kurulacak olan 19. F\u0131rka Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atand\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

19. F\u0131rka, 23 Mart 1915’te M\u00fcstahkem Mevki Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 emriyle Eceabat b\u00f6lgesinde ihtiyata al\u0131nd\u0131. 25 Nisan 1915’te Gelibolu Yar\u0131madas\u0131’na \u0130tilaf Devletleri’nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartmalar\u0131yla \u00c7anakkale Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. 3.Kolordu komutan\u0131 Mehmet Esat Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n emrinde sava\u015fan Kaymakam (Yarbay) Mustafa Kemal Ar\u0131burnu’na \u00e7\u0131kan ANZAC (Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda Kolordusu) birliklerinin yar\u0131mada i\u00e7ine ilerlemesini Conkbay\u0131r\u0131’nda durdurmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Bu ba\u015far\u0131 \u00fczerine 5. Ordu komutan\u0131 Mare\u015fal Otto Liman von Sanders’in takdirini kazand\u0131 ve 1 Haziran 1915’te Miralay (Albay)l\u0131\u011fa y\u00fckseldi ve \u0130ngilizlerin A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda Suvla K\u00f6rfezi’ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikinci \u00e7\u0131kartmadan sonra, o mevkiinde bulunan birliklerinin komutas\u0131na getirildi ve 9-10 A\u011fustos’ta Anafartalar Zaferi’ni kazand\u0131. Bu zaferi 17 A\u011fustos’ta Kire\u00e7tepe ve 21 A\u011fustos’ta II. Anafartalar Zaferi takip etti ve Miralay (Albay) Mustafa Kemal, Ru\u015fen E\u015fref Bey (\u00dcnayd\u0131n) ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u0130stanbul bas\u0131n\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan “Anafartalar Kahraman\u0131” olarak kamuoyuna tan\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

14 Ocak 1916’da Gelibolu’dan Edirne’ye sevk edilmi\u015f olan 16. Kolordu komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atand\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada Do\u011fu Cephesinde Rus birlikleri Osmanl\u0131 3. Ordusu’nu p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtm\u00fc\u015f 16 \u015eubatta Erzurum’u, 3 Martta Bitlis, Mu\u015f, Van ve Hakk\u00e2ri’yi i\u015fgal alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Albay Mustafa Kemal 15 Mart tarihinde 3. Ordu’yu desteklemesi i\u00e7in emrindeki 16. Kolordu ile birlikte Diyarbak\u0131r’a yolland\u0131. R\u00fctbesine g\u00f6re kendisine a\u011f\u0131r bir sorumluluk verilen 16. Kolordu Komutan\u0131 Mustafa Kemal 1 Nisan 1916’da Diyarbak\u0131r’da iken Tu\u011fgeneralli\u011fe (Mirliva) y\u00fckseltildi ve Pa\u015fa unvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Mustafa Kemal \u00f6nce taktik bir geri \u00e7ekilme emri verdi, ard\u0131ndan beklenmedik bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ile Mu\u015f’u Ruslardan kurtararak Osmanl\u0131 birliklerine stratejik bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flad\u0131. Kafkas Cephesindeki bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Alt\u0131n K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7<\/i> madalyas\u0131 ile \u00f6d\u00fcllendirildi ve A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda Mu\u015f ve Bitlis t\u00fcm\u00fcyle Rus i\u015fgalinden kurtar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

7 Mart 1917’de kararg\u00e2h\u0131 Diyarbak\u0131r’da bulunan 2. Ordu Komutan Vekilli\u011fine atand\u0131ktan sonra baz\u0131 ittihat\u00e7\u0131larca Hicaz Kuvveyi Seferiyesi Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6nderilip pasifize edilmek istendi ise de, bunu kabul etmeyerek 5 Temmuz 1917’de Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Ordular\u0131 Grubu emrindeki 7. Ordu Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atand\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal Diyarbak\u0131r’dayken, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 fedailerden Yakup Cemil bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet darbesi yapma karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tek kurtulu\u015f yolunun Bab-\u0131 \u00c2li’yi bas\u0131p, h\u00fck\u00fcmeti devirerek Ba\u015fkomutan vekili ve Harbiye Naz\u0131r\u0131’n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek oldu\u011funa inanmaktad\u0131r. Yeni Ba\u015fkomutan vekili ve Harbiye Naz\u0131r\u0131 olarak da Mustafa Kemal’i uygun bulmaktad\u0131r. Anla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 arkada\u015flar\u0131ndan biri komployu Enver Pa\u015fa’ya haber vermesi \u00fczerine Yakup Cemil kur\u015funa dizilerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Mustafa Kemal Falih R\u0131fk\u0131 Atay’a anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hat\u0131ralar\u0131nda: “O vakit t\u00fcmenlerimden birine komuta eden Ali Fuad (Cebesoy)’a: Yakup Cemil as\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Sebebi de, benim Ba\u015fkomutan vekili ve Harbiye naz\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m m\u00fcddet\u00e7e kurtulu\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanm\u0131\u015f\u2026 H\u00e2lbuki dedi\u011fini yapm\u0131\u015f bile olsayd\u0131, ben \u0130stanbul’a gitti\u011fimde ilk i\u015f olarak Yakup Cemil’i cezaland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131m. E\u011fer ben, o ve onun gibiler taraf\u0131ndan iktidara getirilecek bir adamsam, adam de\u011filim!”<\/i> diyecek kadar onurlu ve tav\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

15 Aral\u0131k 1917 ile 5 Ocak 1918 tarihleri aras\u0131nda, kendisini \u00f6zellikle se\u00e7en ve y\u00fcksek kabiliyetlerini sezen Veliaht Vahdettin Efendi’nin maiyetinde Almanya’ya giderek Keiser II. Wilhelm, Genel Kararg\u00e2h\u0131 ve Elsass b\u00f6lgesini dola\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Daha sonra padi\u015fah olan Sultan Vahdettin taraf\u0131ndan, kendisine her t\u00fcrl\u00fc imk\u00e2n ve ferman sunularak ve \u0130ngilizleri oyalamak i\u00e7in biri birlerine kar\u015f\u0131t rol\u00fc oynayarak, Milli m\u00fccadeleyi \u00f6rg\u00fctlemek \u00fczere Mustafa Kemal Samsun\u2019a yollanacakt\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1918 Haziran ay\u0131nda Viyana ve (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ad\u0131 Karlovy Vary olan) Karlsbad’a giderek tedavi i\u00e7in hastaneye yatt\u0131. Sultan Mehmed Re\u015fad’\u0131n vefat\u0131 ve Vahdettin’in c\u00fclusu \u00fczerine 2 A\u011fustos’ta \u0130stanbul’a d\u00f6nd\u00fc. 15 A\u011fustos’ta 7. Ordu Komutan\u0131 olarak Filistin Cephesi’ne atand\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan Fahri Yaver Hazreti \u015eehriyari<\/i> (Padi\u015fah\u0131n Onursal Yaveri) unvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, 20 Eyl\u00fcl 1918 tarihinde Vahdettin’in ba\u015fyaveri Naci (Eldeniz) Bey’e bir telgraf \u00e7ekip Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Ordular\u0131 Grubu’nun sava\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirerek m\u00fctareke istemesini \u00f6nerdi. Ayr\u0131ca yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmette kendisinin Harbiye Naz\u0131r\u0131 ve Ba\u015fkumandan Vekili olarak g\u00f6revlendirilmesini istedi. Ard\u0131ndan 6 Ekim’de 7. Ordu komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan istifa etti. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Enver pa\u015fa gibi mason \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar elinde, \u00fclkenin ve devletin hangi felaketlere s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi\u011finin fark\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

19 Eyl\u00fcl 1918’de Edmund Allenby komutas\u0131ndaki \u0130ngiliz kuvvetleri, genel taarruza ge\u00e7erek \u00fc\u00e7 ordudan olu\u015fan Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Ordular\u0131 Grubu’nu a\u011f\u0131r bir hezimete u\u011fratt\u0131. 1 Ekim’de \u015eam, 25 Ekim’de Halep d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn zorluklara ve imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131klara ra\u011fmen Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, \u0130ngiliz ordular\u0131n\u0131, Halep’te durdurarak, savunma hatt\u0131 kurmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

30 Ekim 1918’de Mondros M\u00fctarekesi imzaland\u0131. Atat\u00fcrk 10 Kas\u0131m 1918 tarihinde Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m K\u0131t’alar\u0131n\u0131n komutas\u0131n\u0131 2. Ordu Komutan\u0131 Nihat Pa\u015fa’ya b\u0131rakarak Adana’dan \u0130stanbul’a hareket etti ve 13 Kas\u0131m’da \u0130stanbul’a Haydarpa\u015fa Gar\u0131’na ula\u015ft\u0131. Haydarpa\u015fa’dan \u0130stanbul’a ge\u00e7erken bo\u011faza demirli d\u00fc\u015fman sava\u015f gemilerini g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00fcnl\u00fc “Geldikleri gibi giderler”<\/i> s\u00f6zlerini m\u0131r\u0131ldand\u0131. Fethi Bey (Okyar) ile birlikte Ahmet \u0130zzet (Furga\u00e7) Pa\u015fa yanl\u0131s\u0131 ve Ahmet Tevfik Pa\u015fa (Okday) kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir tavr\u0131 koyan Minber<\/i> gazetesini \u00e7\u0131kararak siyasi giri\u015fimlere ba\u015flad\u0131..<\/span><\/p>\n

Milli M\u00fccadelenin Ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve Ba\u015far\u0131lmas\u0131 (1919-1923)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130ngiliz Y\u00fcksek Komiseri Amiral Calthorpe ve Frans\u0131z Y\u00fcksek Komiseri Amiral Amet, 1918 y\u0131l\u0131 Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetine nota verdiler. \u201cDo\u011fuda T\u00fcrklerin silahlan\u0131p H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131\u201d<\/i><\/strong> talep ettiler. Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, Padi\u015fah Vahdettin taraf\u0131ndan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerle donat\u0131larak \u201cVilayet-i Sitte (Alt\u0131 Vilayet)’deki Hristiyan ahaliyi korumak ve i\u015fgal kuvvetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan ufak \u00e7apl\u0131 isyanlar\u0131 bast\u0131rmak\u201d bahanesiyle g\u00f6revlendirilip Samsun\u2019a g\u00f6nderildi. Baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, Sultan Vahdettin\u2019in Samsun’a hareket etmeden \u00f6nce kendisini ziyarete gelen Mustafa Kemal\u2019e “Pa\u015fa Pa\u015fa, \u015fimdiye kadar devlete \u00e7ok hizmet ettin, bunlar\u0131n hepsi art\u0131k bu kitaba girmi\u015ftir, tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bunlar elbette m\u00fchimdir, ama as\u0131l \u015fimdi yapaca\u011f\u0131n hizmet hepsinden m\u00fchim olabilir. Pa\u015fa Pa\u015fa, devleti kurtarabilirsin!”<\/i><\/strong> dedi\u011fini nakletmektedir. Mustafa Kemal, 19 May\u0131s 1919’da Refet Bey (Bele), K\u00e2z\u0131m Bey (Dirik), ‘Ay\u0131c\u0131’ Mehmet Arif Bey, H\u00fcsrev Bey (Gerede)lerle beraber Samsun’a \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mondros M\u00fctarekesi’nden sonra Anadolu’da milisler (Kuvay\u0131 Milliye) \u015feklinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen direni\u015f hareketleri \u00e7o\u011falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Atat\u00fcrk son g\u00f6rev yeri Adana’dan ayr\u0131lmadan Uluk\u0131\u015fla’ya gelerek ilk \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeyi ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 22 Haziran 1919’da Rauf Bey (Orbay), K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa, Refet Bey (Bele) ve Ali Fuat Pa\u015fa (Cebesoy) ile birlikte Amasya’da yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 genelgeyle “Milletin istikl\u00e2lini yine milletin azim ve karar\u0131n\u0131n kurtaraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131” ilan etmesi, tarihi bir ad\u0131md\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan Erzurum’da toplanan Do\u011fu \u0130lleri M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk Kongresine (Erzurum Kongresi) kat\u0131ld\u0131. Kongre \u00fcyelerinin \u0131srar\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 ordusundan istifa etti ve Kongre ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na se\u00e7ildi. 4 – 11 Eyl\u00fcl 1919 tarihleri aras\u0131nda toplanan Sivas Kongresi’nde al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131 uygulamak amac\u0131yla bir Temsil Heyeti olu\u015fturuldu ve ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na da Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa getirildi. 27 Aral\u0131k 1919’da Ankara’da heyecanla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Meclis-i Mebusan’\u0131n Mart 1920’de i\u015fgal g\u00fc\u00e7lerince bas\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00f6nde gelen vatanperver mebuslar\u0131n tutuklanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine 23 Nisan 1920’de Ankara’da T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi’nin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Erzurum mebusu s\u0131fat\u0131yla Meclis ve H\u00fck\u00fbmet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na se\u00e7ildi. TBMM bir kurucu meclis gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak Milli M\u00fccadele’yi y\u00fcr\u00fctecek olan Anadolu h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n desteklenip K\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lmas\u0131!<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Merkezi denetimden uzak bulunan Kuva-yi Milliye \u00f6rg\u00fctleri toparlanarak d\u00fczenli bir ordu olu\u015fturuldu. Milli M\u00fccadele’nin ilk kanl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, maalesef d\u00fczenli orduya kat\u0131lmay\u0131 kabul etmeyen baz\u0131 Kuva-yi Milliye gruplar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Lloyd George’a g\u00f6re; Yunanistan b\u00fcy\u00fcmeli, ama \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin g\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fcnde olmal\u0131yd\u0131. Yunanistan bo\u011fazlar\u0131 Avrupa’ya a\u00e7\u0131k tutmal\u0131, Akdeniz’de \u0130ngiltere’nin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na uygun davranmal\u0131yd\u0131. Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n kuvvet kullan\u0131lmadan uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak \u0130tilaf Devletlerinin kuvvet kullanacak mecali kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn Anadolu\u2019yu al\u0131p kendi vatan\u0131na katmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, kendi ama\u00e7lar\u0131nda kullanmak i\u00e7in Anadolu’ya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ancak \u0130tilaf Devletleri de T\u00fcrkiye’ye kar\u015f\u0131 uygulanacak politikalarda ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u0130talya Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n Anadolu’ya yerle\u015fmesini k\u0131skanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fransa ise Suriye’deki toprak kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yeterli saymaktayd\u0131. Art\u0131k Yunanl\u0131lar kendi ordular\u0131yla Anadolu’ya boyun e\u011fdirmek zorundayd\u0131. Bu f\u0131rsatta Mustafa Kemal de Yunan ordusunu yenerse, T\u00fcrkiye’yi kurtarm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131. 6 Ocak 1921 g\u00fcn\u00fc Bursa\u2019dan Eski\u015fehir’e ve U\u015fak\u2019tan Afyon’a do\u011fru iki kol h\u00e2linde ileri harek\u00e2ta ba\u015flayan Yunan Ordusu, 9 Ocak’ta \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc mevzilerine varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak T\u00fcrk Ordusu’nun savunmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ileri gidemeyeceklerini anlayarak, 11 Ocak 1921 sabah\u0131 \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc mevzilerinden \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu ba\u015far\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n dikkatini \u00e7ekmi\u015f; \u0130tilaf Devletleri, 26 Ocak 1921’de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Londra\u2019ya bir heyet g\u00f6ndermesine ve bu toplant\u0131da Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmetinden de temsilci bulundurulmas\u0131na raz\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yunanistan, Londra Konferans\u0131 bitmeden, Anadolu\u2019da yeni bir sald\u0131r\u0131 yapmak \u00fczere haz\u0131rl\u0131klar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 23 Mart 1921 g\u00fcn\u00fc sabah erken saatlerde, 3. Yunan Kolordusunun Bat\u0131 Cephesinden, 1. Yunan Kolordusunun da G\u00fcney Cephesinden ileri harekete ge\u00e7mesiyle muharebeler ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 23 Mart \u2013 1 Nisan 1921 aras\u0131nda meydana gelen \u0130kinci \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Muharebesi istedikleri sonucu alamay\u0131nca, Frans\u0131zlar Zonguldak’tan, \u0130talyanlar da G\u00fcney Anadolu’dan askerlerini \u00e7ekmeye mecbur kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sonunda Yunan Ordusu \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc, Eski\u015fehir, Afyon ve K\u00fctahya aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7izgide yer alan T\u00fcrk mevzilerine y\u00fcklenerek buralar\u0131 i\u015fgal etme\u011fi ve Ankara’ya kadar ilerleme\u011fi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Bat\u0131dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Takviye birliklerle iyice g\u00fc\u00e7lenen Yunan Ordusu 10 Temmuz 1921’den itibaren sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti ve 20 Temmuz’a kadar yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131larla T\u00fcrk Ordusu’nu geri \u00e7ekilmeye zorlad\u0131. Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa T\u00fcrk Ordusunun Sakarya Irma\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n do\u011fusuna kadar \u00e7ekilmesini emretti. B\u00f6ylece vakit kazan\u0131lacakt\u0131. Bu sava\u015flar sonunda Eski\u015fehir, K\u00fctahya, Afyon gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck stratejik b\u00f6lgeler elden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. TBMM’de moral bozuklu\u011fu ba\u015flad\u0131 ve sert tart\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00fctahya-Eski\u015fehir Muharebeleri sonras\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi i\u00e7inde iktidara yani Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa’ya kar\u015f\u0131 tepkiler artmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu muhalefeti y\u00f6neltenler ordunun ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7mesi i\u00e7in Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa’ya bask\u0131y\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131. Ger\u00e7ek niyetleri ise O’nu Ankara’dan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve Enver Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n iktidar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131. Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, 4 A\u011fustos 1921 g\u00fcn\u00fc B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi’nde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmayla ba\u015fkumandan olmay\u0131 kabul etti\u011fini ancak ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n faydal\u0131 olabilmesi i\u00e7in Meclis’in ordu ile ilgili yetkilerini \u00fc\u00e7 ay s\u00fcreyle kendisinde toplayacak bir kanun \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 isteyenlerin bu \u015fekilde hayalleri bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 5 A\u011fustos 1921 g\u00fcn\u00fc oybirli\u011fi ile \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan yasa ile Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, TBMM Ordular\u0131 Ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131 ele ald\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Mare\u015fal Gazi Mustafa Kemal\u2019in ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131! (1922)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, Ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7mesinin hemen ard\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tekalif-i Milliye Emirleri ile halk\u0131 ordunun donat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in seferberli\u011fe \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. 12 A\u011fustos’ta Polatl\u0131’da tefti\u015f yaparken attan d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve kaburga kemi\u011fi k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. 23 A\u011fustos-13 Eyl\u00fcl 1921 tarihlerinde yap\u0131lan Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi’nde Yunan Ordusu’nun h\u00fccum g\u00fcc\u00fc k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. T\u00fcrk Ordusu ani bir taarruzla Yunan Ordusu’nu Sakarya Nehri’nin do\u011fusundan \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Bu zaferden sonra 19 Eyl\u00fcl 1921’de B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi Ba\u015fkomutan Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa’y\u0131 oybirli\u011fiyle Mare\u015fal r\u00fctbesine terfi ettirilip ve Gazi unvan\u0131 tak\u0131ld\u0131. Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi sonunda T\u00fcrk ordusunun zayiat\u0131; 5713 \u015fehit, 18.480 yaral\u0131, 828 esir ve 14.268 kay\u0131p olmak \u00fczere toplam 49.289’u bulmaktayd\u0131. Yunan ordusunun zarar\u0131; 3758 \u00f6l\u00fc, 18.955 yaral\u0131, 354 kay\u0131p olmak \u00fczere toplam 23.007 civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. <\/span>Erbakan Hoca\u2019n\u0131n, s\u0131k\u00e7a ve heyecanla tekrarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131: <\/span><\/strong>\u201cHerhangi bir kimse; Malazgirt\u2019te inan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u015fahlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015famadan\u2026 Kosava\u2019da, Ni\u011fbolu\u2019da bir k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 olup parlamadan\u2026 Ulubatl\u0131 Hasan olup Sanca\u011f\u0131 bur\u00e7a dikmek i\u00e7in can\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymadan\u2026 Sultan Fatih olup, \u0130stanbul\u2019u almak i\u00e7in at\u0131n\u0131 denize s\u00fcrmeden\u2026 Kanuni olup \u015fanl\u0131 ordular\u0131yla Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7ine y\u00fcr\u00fcmeden\u2026 Seyyid \u00c7avu\u015f olup \u201cYa Allah!\u201d diyerek 250 kiloluk mermiyi kald\u0131r\u0131p namluya yerle\u015ftirmeden\u2026<\/span><\/i><\/strong>Bir insan; (Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Bat\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fi ile Anadolu\u2019muzu i\u015fgale kalk\u0131\u015fan Yunan ordular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131) Sakarya\u2019n\u0131n siperlerine girmeden ve K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta b\u00fcy\u00fck bir cesaret ve metanetle d\u00fc\u015fman tahkimat\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7meden, Milli G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ne oldu\u011funu anlayamaz!\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/strong>s\u00f6zleriyle Sakarya destan\u0131 yazan Mustafa Kemal\u2019in ve kahraman askerlerinin y\u00fcksek Milli \u015fuur ve duygusuna \u00f6zellikle vurgu yapm\u0131\u015f, hatta \u201cAtat\u00fcrk sa\u011f olsayd\u0131, elbette Milli G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fc olacakt\u0131\u201d<\/i> diyerek ayn\u0131 ruh k\u00f6k\u00fcne ve ayn\u0131 Milli hedeflere ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi’nden sonra, 13 Ekim 1921’de Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile G\u00fcney Kafkas Cumhuriyetleri aras\u0131nda Kars Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrkiye’nin do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 tamamen g\u00fcvenlik alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. Fransa ise TBMM H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile 20 Ekim 1921\u2019de Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131 imzalad\u0131. Bu antla\u015fma ile Fransa TBMM H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’ni resmen tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve Hatay-\u0130skenderun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye’nin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015f olmaktayd\u0131. Bu antla\u015fma sayesinde g\u00fcney cephesi g\u00fcvenli duruma geldi\u011finden buradaki T\u00fcrk birlikleri de Bat\u0131 Cephesi’ne kayd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130talyanlar ise, Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi’nden sonra G\u00fcney Ege ve Akdeniz b\u00f6lgelerinde tutunamayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 anlayarak 1921 y\u0131l\u0131 sonuna kadar i\u015fgal ettikleri yerlerden \u00e7ekilip \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi sonras\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere de Ankara’y\u0131 tan\u0131yarak TBMM ile, 23 Ekim 1921 tarihinde tutsaklar\u0131n serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 konusundaki antla\u015fma imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tam 1 y\u0131l boyunca ciddi bir titizlik ve gizlilikle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 sonucunda, 26 A\u011fustos 1922 sabah\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dikkatle haz\u0131rlanan taarruz plan\u0131 uygulamaya ba\u015fland\u0131. 26-30 A\u011fustos 1922\u2019de yap\u0131lan B\u00fcy\u00fck Taarruz, Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n son a\u015famas\u0131yd\u0131. 30 A\u011fustos g\u00fcn\u00fc Ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131k Meydan Muharebesi’nde bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde Yunan Ordusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn imhas\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 31 A\u011fustos’ta Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa komutanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7alk\u00f6y’deki kararg\u00e2h\u0131nda toplayarak ka\u00e7abilen Yunan kuvvetlerinin h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde takip edilmesini ve \u0130zmir ile civar\u0131ndaki kuvvetleriyle birle\u015fmemesi i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 koldan Ege’ye do\u011fru ilerlenmesini emretmi\u015f, 1 Eyl\u00fcl g\u00fcn\u00fc Ba\u015fkomutan Mustafa Kemal bir bildiri yay\u0131mlayarak ordulara:<\/span><\/strong>\u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131n Anadolu’da daha ba\u015fka meydan muharebelerinin de verilece\u011fini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alarak, durmadan ilerlemesini ve herkesin ak\u0131l ve vicdan kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yi\u011fitlik ve yurtseverlik duygular\u0131n\u0131 yar\u0131\u015f\u0131rcas\u0131na esirgemeden vermeye devam eylemesini isterim. Ordular, ilk hedefiniz Akdeniz’dir; \u0130leri!\u201d<\/span><\/strong> talimat\u0131n\u0131 ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Dumlup\u0131nar\u2019da kendisini ate\u015f hatt\u0131na att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcmden sak\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ren emir subay\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk\u2019e \u201cpa\u015fam siz bize laz\u0131ms\u0131n\u0131z, biraz daha dikkatli olmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z\u201d<\/i><\/strong> uyar\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131nca, ona d\u00f6n\u00fcp: \u201cUhud g\u00fcn\u00fcnde ve Huneyn seferinde askerleri peri\u015fanl\u0131\u011fa ve \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 heng\u00e2mede Peygamberimiz Hz. Muhammed neye g\u00fcvenip tek ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmana h\u00fccum ediyor idiyse, i\u015fte ben de ayn\u0131 Allah\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131p g\u00fcveniyorum\u201d<\/i><\/strong> s\u00f6zleri, kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n hangi inan\u00e7 ve azimle kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ibret levhas\u0131 olarak asla unutulmamal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Ordusu 2 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de U\u015fak\u2019\u0131 kurtarm\u0131\u015f, burada Yunan Ordusu Ba\u015fkomutan\u0131 General Nikolaos Trikupis esir al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve 9 Eyl\u00fcl’de T\u00fcrk S\u00fcvarileri \u0130zmir’e varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 18 Eyl\u00fcl 1922’ye kadar yap\u0131lan Takip Harek\u00e2t\u0131yla t\u00fcm Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019daki Yunan birlikleri s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrk ordusunun kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ba\u015far\u0131, Mudanya Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na giden s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bar\u0131\u015f ve Sonras\u0131!<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131, 24 Temmuz 1923’te imzalanan Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131’yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Bu antla\u015fma ile Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkm\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 temelleri \u00fczerine ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak Milli M\u00fccadele sonras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye’de iki ba\u015fl\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. TBMM 1 Kas\u0131m 1922’de Osmanl\u0131 saltanat\u0131n\u0131 la\u011fvedip Vahdettin’i tahttan indirerek \u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin hukuki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gazi Mustafa Kemal 28 Ekim 1923 gecesi \u00c7ankaya’da kurmaylar\u0131n\u0131 toplant\u0131ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131 ve “Yar\u0131n Cumhuriyeti ilan edece\u011fiz.” diyerek karar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Misafirlerin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra muhalif cepheye haber s\u0131zd\u0131rmas\u0131n diye \u0130smet Pa\u015fa’y\u0131 al\u0131koydu ve birlikte, Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu’nda gerekli de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi sa\u011flayacak \u00f6nerge haz\u0131rland\u0131. Tasar\u0131n\u0131n parti grubunda kabul\u00fcnden sonra ayn\u0131 ak\u015fam saat 18:45’te TBMM Genel kurul toplant\u0131s\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. Anayasa Komisyonu’nun de\u011fi\u015fiklik ile ilgili rapor ve \u00f6nergesi genel kurulun onay\u0131na sunuldu ve 29 Ekim 1923 Pazartesi ak\u015fam\u0131 saat 20.30’da milletvekillerinin alk\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve “Ya\u015fas\u0131n Cumhuriyet” sesleri ile T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti ilan edilip yepyeni bir d\u00f6nemin kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sonras\u0131! (1923-1938)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet \u0130lan\u0131 ard\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ilen cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7iminde oylamaya kat\u0131lan 158 milletvekilinin tamam\u0131n\u0131n oylar\u0131 ile Bal\u00e2, Ankara milletvekili Gazi Mustafa Kemal, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ilip, kendi deyi\u015fiyle T\u00fcrkiye’yi “muas\u0131r medeniyetin \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karmak”<\/i> amac\u0131yla bir dizi k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fime imza att\u0131. Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc, Fethi Okyar ve Cel\u00e2l Bayar ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisinde en fazla s\u00fcre g\u00f6revde kalan ve en fazla h\u00fck\u00fcmet kuran isim \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc olmu\u015f, ancak Dersim isyan\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rma konusundaki yetersiz tavr\u0131, isteksiz davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve yanl\u0131\u015f beyanlarla Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc oyalad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine g\u00f6revinden, hatta askeri r\u00fctbelerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve \u00f6l\u00fcnceye kadar Mustafa Kemal \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc yan\u0131na bile yakla\u015ft\u0131rmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Laiklik, Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik, Milliyet\u00e7ilik, Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, Devlet\u00e7ilik, \u0130nk\u0131l\u00e2p\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ilkeleri 10 May\u0131s 1931 tarihinde sadece Cumhuriyet Halk F\u0131rkas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n program\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015f, Atat\u00fcrk bunlar\u0131n sonradan suistimal ve istismar arac\u0131 yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kanunla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p anayasaya sokmam\u0131\u015f; ancak hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve devlet y\u00f6netimindeki kontrol ve denetim zay\u0131fla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 5 \u015eubat 1937\u2019de anayasaya sokulmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Siyasi Olaylar ve H\u0131yanet olu\u015fumlar\u0131!<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131ndan sonra, Milli M\u00fccadeleyi ba\u015flatan be\u015f ki\u015filik kadronun Mustafa Kemal d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki d\u00f6rt \u00fcyesi (Rauf Bey, Kaz\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa, Refet Pa\u015fa ve Ali Fuat Pa\u015fa) muhalefete ge\u00e7erek Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet F\u0131rkas\u0131’n\u0131 kurmu\u015flard\u0131. 1925 Mart’\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan Gen\u00e7 H\u00e2disesi (\u015eeyh Sait \u0130syan\u0131, Do\u011fu \u0130syan\u0131) \u00fczerine s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim ilan edilerek Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet F\u0131rkas\u0131 kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

12 A\u011fustos 1930’da \u0130smet Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmetine alternatif olu\u015fturmak ve \u00f6zellikle Sabataist-mason cuntan\u0131n niyet ve gayretlerini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurma f\u0131rsat\u0131 sunmak ve su\u00e7\u00fcst\u00fc yakalamak amac\u0131yla \u00e7ok partili demokratik hayata kavu\u015fmak i\u00e7in Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n yak\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131 Fethi Bey (Okyar)’e Serbest Cumhuriyet F\u0131rkas\u0131’n\u0131 kurdurarak k\u0131z karde\u015fi Makbule Han\u0131m (Boysan, Atadan), \u00e7ocukluk ve okul arkada\u015f\u0131 Nuri Bey (Conker)’leri de \u00fcye yapt\u0131rd\u0131. Ancak 17 Kas\u0131m 1930’da malum odaklar\u0131n k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve gericilik k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131 takt\u0131klar\u0131 kesimlerin partiyi kullanmaya kalk\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve partinin Mustafa Kemal’i hedef almas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 parti kapat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu demokrasi denemesinden biraz \u00f6nce, ordunun siyasete m\u00fcdahale etmesinin demokrasiye zarar verebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek Asker\u00ee Ceza Kanunu (22 May\u0131s 1930 tarih ve 1632 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun)’nu meclisten \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bu kanunun 148. maddesine Ordu mensubunun siyasi toplant\u0131lar ve g\u00f6sterilere kat\u0131lmas\u0131, siyasi partiye \u00fcyesi olmas\u0131, siyasi maksatlarla \u015fifahi telkinlerde bulunmas\u0131, siyasi makale yazmas\u0131 ve siyasi nutuk (konu\u015fma yapmas\u0131) yasakland\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

29 Ekim 1933’te Atat\u00fcrk T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin onuncu kurulu\u015f y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc nedeniyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada (NUTUK\u2019ta) \u00fclkenin kurulu\u015f temelini ve gelecek vizyonunu yal\u0131n bir dille t\u00fcm insanl\u0131k \u00e2lemine ve T\u00fcrk Milleti’ne anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Atat\u00fcrk, Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, sadece b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n de\u011fil t\u00fcm vatanda\u015flar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve 1923-1938 d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k %7.5 oran\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek T\u00fcrkiye’nin GSMH’si d\u00fcnya toplam\u0131n\u0131n binde 3.62’sinden binde 6.52’sine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn D\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en h\u0131zl\u0131 kalk\u0131nan \u00fclkelerinden biri say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal ve D\u0131\u015f Politika Sorunlar\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemindeki d\u0131\u015f politika konular\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Musul sorunu, T\u00fcrkiye-Yunanistan N\u00fcfus M\u00fcbadelesi konusu, T\u00fcrkiye’nin Milletler Cemiyeti’ne \u00fcye olu\u015fu, Balkan Antant\u0131, Montr\u00f6 Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Sadabat Pakt\u0131 ve Hatay Sorunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Atat\u00fcrk d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i davranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerde dinamik ve kararl\u0131d\u0131r; ama macerac\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

BM Karar\u0131yla Musul\u2019un Irak\u2019a B\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n bitmesinden sonra Irak’ta \u0130ngilizlere ba\u011fl\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim kurulmu\u015f, bu \u00fclke \u0130ngiliz mandas\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Musul, n\u00fcfusunun \u00e7o\u011funun T\u00fcrk olmas\u0131 sebebiyle Misak-\u0131 Milli dahilindeydi, ama  \u0130ngilizler zengin petrol yataklar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeyi b\u0131rakmaya yana\u015fm\u0131yorlard\u0131. Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu konuda bir sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namam\u0131\u015f, sorunun daha sonra T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130ngiltere aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi karar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda tekrar g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f fakat sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra sorun, \u0130ngilizlerin tertibiyle Milletler Cemiyeti’ne ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Mustafa Kemal BM karar\u0131yla Musul\u2019un elimizden al\u0131nmaya u\u011fra\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlay\u0131nca Kaz\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa\u2019ya, o b\u00f6lgeye asker sokup fiili bir durum olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, ne yaz\u0131k ki Karabekir buna yana\u015fmay\u0131p, Milletvekili s\u0131fat\u0131yla Meclise kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Atat\u00fcrk\u2019e muhalefete ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, hatta \u015eeyh Said isyan\u0131na dolayl\u0131 destek ve cesaret kazand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir tav\u0131r tak\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mustafa Kemal me\u015fhur NUTUK\u2019un 3. cildinde bu konular\u0131 belgeleriyle ve derin \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcleriyle aktarmaktad\u0131r. Ve maalesef, 1924 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Ekim ay\u0131nda toplanan Milletler Cemiyeti de T\u00fcrkiye-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015f ve Musul b\u00f6lgesini Irak taraf\u0131nda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 13 \u015eubat 1925’te ise \u015eeyh Sait \u0130syan\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 15 Nisan’da tamamen bast\u0131r\u0131lan ayaklanma \u0130ngilizlerin i\u015fine yaram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan yeni \u00e7\u0131kan T\u00fcrk ordusu h\u0131rpalanm\u0131\u015f, Musul-Kerk\u00fck \u00fczerine askeri harek\u00e2t yapma imk\u00e2n\u0131 ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durumda T\u00fcrkiye, 5 Haziran 1926 tarihinde \u0130ngilizlerle imzalanan Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131 gere\u011fince baz\u0131 maddi \u00e7\u0131karlar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, Milletler Cemiyeti’nin \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 kabule mecbur kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sadabat Pakt\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130talya’n\u0131n do\u011fu \u00fclkelerini hedef alan istila politikas\u0131 nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130ran, Irak ve Afganistan aras\u0131nda, 8 Temmuz 1937’de Tahran’da Sadabat Saray\u0131’nda imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu devletler antla\u015fma ile dostluk ili\u015fkilerini artt\u0131racaklar\u0131n\u0131, Milletler Cemiyeti Pakt\u0131 ve Briand-Kellog Pakt\u0131’na ba\u011fl\u0131 kalacaklar\u0131n\u0131, birbirinin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmayacaklar\u0131n\u0131, birbirlerine sald\u0131rmayacaklar\u0131n\u0131, ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131yla ilgili konularda birbirlerine dan\u0131\u015facaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacaklar\u0131n\u0131 vurgulam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sadabat Pakt\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tarih\u00e7ilerce sezilmeyen veya \u00f6zellikle gizlenen \u00e7ok stratejik bir derinli\u011fi vard\u0131r. \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u015eii-S\u00fcnni kutupla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p bu \u00fclkeleri sava\u015ft\u0131rarak zay\u0131flatmak ve kendi \u015feytani ama\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kullanmak isteyen Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin bu tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Sadabat pakt\u0131yla bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc S\u00fcnni \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n tabii ve tarihi temsilcisi konumundaki T\u00fcrkiye ile, \u015eiilerin en yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu \u0130ran, Irak ve Afganistan\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6yle bir dostluk anla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7ok talihli bir ad\u0131md\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr bir anla\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6nce Sultan Abd\u00fclhamit tasarlam\u0131\u015f, fakat ba\u015faramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mustafa Kemal bunu ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f, ama daha sonralar\u0131 maalesef i\u015flevsiz b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak rahmetli Erbakan Hoca ayn\u0131 stratejik hedefleri, D-8 projeleriyle yeniden ve \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f ve etkin bir yelpazede canland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve bu y\u00fczden b\u00fct\u00fcn emperyalist ve Siyonist odaklar\u0131n h\u00fccumuna u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 28 \u015eubat tezgah\u0131yla Refah-Yol iktidar\u0131 y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ordu-millet z\u0131tla\u015fmas\u0131na ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na meydan vermemek i\u00e7in, Erbakan stratejik bir geri ad\u0131mla ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fecri kazip (yalanc\u0131 ve aldat\u0131c\u0131 \u015fafak) olarak iktidara ta\u015f\u0131nan AKP\u2019nin ise, i\u00e7y\u00fcz\u00fc iyice anla\u015f\u0131lacak ve Fecri Sad\u0131k (ger\u00e7ek ve g\u00f6rkemli \u015fafak) yak\u0131nda do\u011facakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u0130lgi Alanlar\u0131:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kitap okuyup d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi, bilgide derinle\u015fmeyi, kaliteli m\u00fczik dinlemeyi, dans etmeyi, ata binmeyi ve y\u00fczmeyi seven bir insand\u0131. Tavla ve bilardo oynamaktan ho\u015flan\u0131rd\u0131. Zeybek oyunlar\u0131na, g\u00fcre\u015fe, Rumeli t\u00fcrk\u00fclerine ilgi duyard\u0131. Sakarya ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi at\u0131na ve k\u00f6pe\u011fi Foks’a \u00e7ok de\u011fer verir ve vakit ay\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Zengin bir kitapl\u0131k olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n hem tamam\u0131n\u0131 okudu\u011fu, sayfalar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc el yazmas\u0131 notlar\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. \u00c7ankaya K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc’nde s\u0131k s\u0131k devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n, bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n, dostlar\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00fclke sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n da tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ak\u015fam yemeklerinde toplan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Temiz ve d\u00fczenli giyinmeye ve \u015f\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeye merakl\u0131yd\u0131. Do\u011fay\u0131 \u00e7ok sevdi\u011finden, s\u0131k\u00e7a Atat\u00fcrk Orman \u00c7iftli\u011fi’ne gider, modern tar\u0131ma ge\u00e7i\u015f amac\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara bizzat kat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130leri derecede Frans\u0131zca ve yeterince Almanca biliyordu; Suriye, Filistin ve Libya\u2019da kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Arap\u00e7aya da vak\u0131ft\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve D\u00fcnyadan Ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn sa\u011fl\u0131k durumu, Sadabat pakt\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck yapmas\u0131n\u0131n ve Filistin\u2019de bir Yahudi Devleti kurulmas\u0131na asla izin vermeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, hayret verici \u015fekilde 1937 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren bozulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Kendisine 1938 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda siroz te\u015fhisi konuldu, ama bu hala tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Acaba Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u201cBeni, T\u00fcrk hekimlerine emanet ediniz!\u201d<\/i> feryad\u0131 ve uyar\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda hangi nedenler yatmaktayd\u0131? Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u015f\u00fcpheli ve \u015faibeli \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kimleri ve hangi kesimleri rahatland\u0131racakt\u0131?! T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurucusu ve ilk cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk, 10 Kas\u0131m 1938 Per\u015fembe sabah\u0131 saat 09:05’te \u0130stanbul Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131’nda aram\u0131zdan ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Cenazesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir t\u00f6renle Ankara’ya u\u011furlanm\u0131\u015f ve Atat\u00fcrk 21 Kas\u0131m 1938 g\u00fcn\u00fc Ankara Etnografya M\u00fczesi’nin mahzenine kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bundan 15 y\u0131l sonra, Adnan Menderes iktidar\u0131nda 10 Kas\u0131m 1953’te kendisi i\u00e7in yapt\u0131r\u0131lan An\u0131tkabir’deki ebedi istirahatgah\u0131na aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk; (13 Mart 1881 \/ Selanik \u2013 10 Kas\u0131m 1938 \/ \u0130stanbul) yak\u0131n tarihimize y\u00f6n ve \u015fekil veren en \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyetlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen bir Osmanl\u0131 subay\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eanl\u0131 bir devlet ve medeniyetin, hangi d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7ler ve gerek\u00e7elerle ve hangi i\u00e7 nedenler ve neticelerle \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne \u015fahit olmu\u015f, yeniden direni\u015f ve kurtulu\u015fun ve yeni bir Milli […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[157],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2704","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ekim-2013"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2704","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2704"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2704\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2704"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2704"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2704"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}