{"id":38829,"date":"2026-09-14T21:11:52","date_gmt":"2026-09-14T18:11:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/?p=38829"},"modified":"2026-09-14T21:13:13","modified_gmt":"2026-09-14T18:13:13","slug":"yakup-gozubuyuk-kardesimizin-japonya-izlenimleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/ozel-yazilar\/yakup-gozubuyuk-kardesimizin-japonya-izlenimleri\/","title":{"rendered":"YAKUP G\u00d6Z\u00dcB\u00dcY\u00dcK KARDE\u015e\u0130M\u0130Z\u0130N JAPONYA \u0130ZLEN\u0130MLER\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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YAKUP G\u00d6Z\u00dcB\u00dcY\u00dcK KARDE\u015e\u0130M\u0130Z\u0130N JAPONYA \u0130ZLEN\u0130MLER\u0130<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Japonya: Disiplin \u00dczerine Kurulmu\u015f Bir Sistem Toplumunu Yerinde G\u00f6zlemlemek<\/strong><\/p>

Japonya seyahatini karde\u015flerimle birlikte yaln\u0131zca yeni bir \u00fclke g\u00f6rmek amac\u0131yla de\u011fil, farkl\u0131 bir medeniyeti yerinde g\u00f6zlemlemek ve ibret nazar\u0131yla anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak niyetiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdik. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim\u2019de insan\u0131n seyahatini bir tefekk\u00fcr ve \u015fuur vesilesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmesi istenir. Bu bilin\u00e7le yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Japonya yolculu\u011fu, benim i\u00e7in turistik bir geziden \u00e7ok, bir toplumun d\u00fczenini, de\u011ferlerini ve tarih boyunca \u015fekillenen zihniyetini yerinde anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir g\u00f6zlem ve muhasebe yolculu\u011funa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/strong><\/p>

\u0130lk \u0130zlenim: Teknolojiden \u00d6te, Olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f D\u00fczen<\/strong><\/p>

Japonya hakk\u0131nda y\u0131llarca teknoloji-\u015fehir-medeniyet olarak \u00e7ok ileride oldu\u011funu duymu\u015f, hatta filmlerimize kadar konu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in zihnimizde olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 bir alg\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Tokyo, Kyoto ve Osaka \u015fehirlerini kapsayan 7 g\u00fcnl\u00fck gezide ise ilk g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan \u015fey \u201cileri teknoloji \u015fovu\u201d<\/strong> de\u011fil; temizlik, \u015fehir planlamas\u0131 ve altyap\u0131 olgunlu\u011fuydu. Teknolojik olarak \u201cu\u00e7an-ka\u00e7an\u201d<\/strong> bir atmosfer yoktu; Shinkansen (h\u0131zl\u0131 tren) d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat, bir\u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeden ve hatta T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki baz\u0131 modern lokasyonlardan radikal bi\u00e7imde farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyordu. Shinkansen\u2019in 300 km h\u0131za ula\u015fmas\u0131 elbette dikkat \u00e7ekiciydi; fakat Japonya\u2019n\u0131n as\u0131l fark\u0131, tekil teknolojik g\u00f6sterilerden ziyade d\u00fczenin s\u00fcreklili\u011fi ve altyap\u0131n\u0131n olgunlu\u011fuydu.<\/p>

Zamanla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sohbetler ve g\u00f6zlemler, \u201c\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u00f6tesinde ya\u015fayan Japonya\u201d <\/strong>alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n temelinde bug\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fil, yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 y\u0131l \u00f6nce at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f altyap\u0131 ve \u015fehirle\u015fme planlar\u0131n\u0131n yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Evet, 50-60 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar Japonya, bu alg\u0131y\u0131 besleyecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bir\u00e7ok alanda belirgin bir \u201cerken modernle\u015fme\u201d<\/strong> avantaj\u0131na sahipmi\u015f. Bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u015fehir planlamas\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, do\u011fa ve insana sayg\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6rnek taraflar\u0131 var; ancak Japonya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcncel durumunu, efsane anlat\u0131lar\u0131yla birebir \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek zor. As\u0131l mesele, bu altyap\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n pek \u00e7ok yerinden y\u0131llar \u00f6nce Japonya\u2019da kurulmu\u015f olmas\u0131 ve deprem ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda ya\u015faman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi ac\u0131 tecr\u00fcbelerin planlamay\u0131 zorunlu hale getirmesidir. Efsanenin devam etmesinin ana sebebi ise her \u015feyin sistemli olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>

Ancak imandan ve \u0130slami kurallardan uzak olman\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ve Adil D\u00fczen ihtiyac\u0131 her alanda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>

Japon Toplumunun Temeli: Sayg\u0131 \u00dczerine Kurulu D\u00fczen<\/strong><\/p>

Japonya\u2019da toplumsal d\u00fczenin sadece kurallarla de\u011fil, temelinde yatan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir sayg\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla korundu\u011funu \u00e7ok net hissettim. \u201cKimseyi rahats\u0131z etmeme\u201d<\/strong> ilkesi, kamusal alanda adeta g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez bir ahl\u00e2k dili gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Bu sayg\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta \u00f6zellikle d\u00f6rt davran\u0131\u015fta a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor:<\/p>

Bah\u015fi\u015f vermemek:<\/strong> Japonya\u2019da bah\u015fi\u015f, bizdeki gibi nezaket g\u00f6stergesi de\u011fil; kimi durumlarda sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k olarak alg\u0131lanabiliyor. Masaya para b\u0131rakmak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n i\u015fini iyi yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da ancak ek te\u015fvikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 imas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011fi i\u00e7in ki\u015fiyi utand\u0131rabilir. Hizmet, zaten olmas\u0131 gereken sorumlulu\u011fun par\u00e7as\u0131 kabul ediliyor.<\/p>

\u00c7\u00f6p hassasiyeti:<\/strong> Sokaklarda \u00e7\u00f6p kutusu say\u0131s\u0131 az olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yerde \u00e7\u00f6p neredeyse hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyor. \u0130nsanlar \u00e7\u00f6plerini yere atmak yerine gerekirse saatlerce yanlar\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131yor. \u201cNas\u0131l olsa biri temizler\u201d<\/strong> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 bulunmamakta. Temizlik, bireysel tercih de\u011fil; sessiz bir toplumsal sorumluluk gibi i\u015fliyor.<\/p>

Toplu ta\u015f\u0131mada sessizlik:<\/strong> Metro ve trenlerde telefonla konu\u015fmak, y\u00fcksek sesle konu\u015fmak ya da g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc yapmak ho\u015f kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131yor; bazen f\u0131s\u0131lt\u0131 bile rahats\u0131z edici bulunabiliyor. Sessizlik, kural olman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde \u201cba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n alan\u0131na sayg\u0131\u201d<\/strong> bi\u00e7imi.<\/p>

S\u0131ra k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc:<\/strong> Marketten asans\u00f6re, istasyondan tuvalet giri\u015fine kadar s\u0131raya girmek esast\u0131r. Bir ki\u015finin bile \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ihlal de\u011fil; ciddi bir ay\u0131p ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>

Bu d\u00f6rt \u00f6rnek, Japonya\u2019da d\u00fczenin denetimden \u00e7ok, \u201cba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n hak ve h\u00fcrriyet alan\u0131n\u0131 koruma\u201d<\/strong> refleksiyle s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>

Sistem Toplumu: Sistem \u0130nsan\u0131 Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131nca \u0130nisiyatif Zay\u0131fl\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>

Japonya\u2019da sistem \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, insanlarda inisiyatif alma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6rece zay\u0131f. En karma\u015f\u0131k metro a\u011flar\u0131 bile sistem sayesinde kolayla\u015f\u0131yor; y\u00f6nlendirmeler, i\u015faretlemeler ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 tasar\u0131m\u0131, insan\u0131 neredeyse otomatik olarak do\u011fru davran\u0131\u015fa itiyor. Bu, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir konfor ve g\u00fcven \u00fcretirken, inisiyatif alma karakterini de t\u00f6rp\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>

Japonya\u2019da yabanc\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 tav\u0131r ilk anda mesafeli hatta so\u011fuk gibi hissedilebilir. Bunu en \u00e7ok yard\u0131m isteme anlar\u0131nda fark ettim. Yol tarifi sordu\u011funuzda kimi zaman ilk tepki olarak g\u00f6rmezden gelme veya y\u00fcz \u00e7evirme ya\u015fanabiliyor. Ancak \u0131srar etti\u011finizde ki\u015fi bir anda devreye girip sizi g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilece\u011fi son noktaya kadar e\u015flik ediyor, hatta el sallayarak u\u011furluyor. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 bu ikilik beni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fc ve sonra \u00f6\u011frendim ki Japon k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde birine m\u00fcdahale etmek riskli kabul ediliyormu\u015f. Yard\u0131m ve inisiyatif, \u201cki\u015fisel s\u0131cakl\u0131ktan\u201d<\/strong> \u00e7ok \u201csistemin izin verdi\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evede\u201d<\/strong> ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Yani bu durum \u201cg\u00f6rev bilinciyle yard\u0131m\u201d<\/strong> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131yor. Sistem, sayg\u0131 duygusunu beslerken merhamet, yard\u0131mla\u015fma ve inisiyatif alma davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00f6rp\u00fclemi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>

\u00d6zellikle g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin sistemin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmamak i\u00e7in kurallara a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 riayet etmesi de dikkat \u00e7ekiciydi. Bu durum, sosyal d\u00fczenin \u201ckural ihlali\u201d<\/strong>ni sadece hukuki de\u011fil, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir risk olarak da kodlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>

Dil ve \u0130\u00e7e D\u00f6n\u00fckl\u00fck: N\u00fckleer Sava\u015f Travmas\u0131n\u0131n G\u00f6lgesi H\u00e2l\u00e2 S\u00fcr\u00fcyor!<\/strong><\/p>

En dikkatimi \u00e7eken hususlardan biri, \u0130ngilizce bilen Japon say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Bu durumun yaln\u0131zca e\u011fitimle a\u00e7\u0131klanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissettim. Hiro\u015fima ve Nagazaki\u2019nin, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 yenilgisinin ve kolektif travman\u0131n tamamen kapanmam\u0131\u015f bir haf\u0131za olarak toplumda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlenimi olu\u015ftu. Japonya ekonomik olarak k\u00fcresel bir akt\u00f6r olsa da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak temkinli ve i\u00e7e d\u00f6n\u00fck kalabilmi\u015f bir toplum.<\/p>

\u0130nan\u00e7 D\u00fcnyas\u0131: Shinto ve Budizm Birlikteli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>

\u0130nan\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Japonya\u2019da Budizm ve Shinto birlikte ya\u015far. \u00dclkede Hristiyan oran\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k %1-2, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman oran\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k %1 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Shinto (atalar ve do\u011fa inanc\u0131) Japonya\u2019n\u0131n asli gelene\u011fi gibi durur; fakat \u00e7o\u011fu Japon bunu Bat\u0131\u2019daki anlam\u0131yla \u201cdin\u201d <\/strong>olarak savunmaz. Daha \u00e7ok gelenek, rit\u00fcel ve ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi olarak ya\u015far. Budizm ise Hindistan ve \u00c7in \u00fczerinden daha sonradan gelmi\u015f bir \u00f6\u011fretidir.<\/p>

Japonya\u2019da bu iki gelenek \u00e7eli\u015fmeden birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fcr: Do\u011fum ve evlilik gibi hayat rit\u00fcelleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla Shinto ile, \u00f6l\u00fcm ve cenaze gibi anlam aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7eren anlar Budizm ile kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r. Bir Japon i\u00e7in bu ayr\u0131m do\u011fald\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Shinto nas\u0131l ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Budizm ise ya\u015fanana nas\u0131l anlam verilece\u011fini \u00f6\u011fretir.<\/p>

Shinto\u2019da do\u011faya sayg\u0131, merkezi bir unsurdur. Do\u011fa, kullan\u0131lacak bir kaynak de\u011fil; i\u00e7inde kami dedikleri (kutsal varl\u0131k\/ruh) bar\u0131nd\u0131ran canl\u0131 ve kutsal bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu nedenle do\u011faya zarar vermek ahl\u00e2ki bir sorun say\u0131l\u0131r; temizlik ve ar\u0131nma ise do\u011fayla uyumun temel ifadesidir. Japonya\u2019da tuvaletten soka\u011fa uzanan temizlik hassasiyetinin k\u00f6keninde, yaln\u0131z hijyen de\u011fil; Shinto\u2019nun \u201car\u0131nma\u201d<\/strong> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>

Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede Japon sistemcili\u011finin temelinde yatan etkenlerden biri, Shinto\u2019nun d\u00fczenin bozulmamas\u0131, kimsenin rahats\u0131z edilmemesi ve uyumun korunmas\u0131 gibi de\u011ferleri en \u00fcstte tutmas\u0131d\u0131r. Meiji Restorasyonu (modernle\u015fme d\u00f6nemi, 19. yy) sonras\u0131nda modern devlet kurma s\u00fcreciyle ba\u015flayan sistemle\u015fme, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 travma ve yeniden in\u015fa tecr\u00fcbesiyle daha da keskinle\u015fmi\u015f; Japonya\u2019y\u0131 hata yapmay\u0131 minimize eden, risk almayan, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir bir toplum olmaya itmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece sistem, insan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7en bir \u201cg\u00fcven mekanizmas\u0131\u201d<\/strong>na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bug\u00fcn gelinen noktada, do\u011fruyu se\u00e7en insandan \u00e7ok, kurala uyan insan\u0131n ideal hale geldi\u011fi; ahl\u00e2k\u0131n, vicdandan ziyade prosed\u00fcrle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr hale kayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 hissi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hissedilir.<\/p>

\u0130leti\u015fim K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc: K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Jestlerle Kurulan B\u00fcy\u00fck Dil<\/strong><\/p>

Ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m beden dili e\u011fitimlerinde; bat\u0131dan do\u011fuya gidildik\u00e7e beden dilinin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftim. Japonya\u2019da ise ilk ba\u015fta bunun tersini ya\u015f\u0131yormu\u015f gibi hissettim; sanki beden dili hi\u00e7 yoktu. Zamanla fark ettim ki burada beden dili asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, ama b\u00fcy\u00fck hareketlerle de\u011fil; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve kontroll\u00fc i\u015faretlerle kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Japonya\u2019da beden dili duyguyu ve nezaketi anlat\u0131r; bilgi vermek i\u00e7in ise \u00e7o\u011funlukla s\u00f6zl\u00fc kal\u0131plar kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden kasada fiyat sormak i\u00e7in hesap makinesi g\u00f6stermek i\u015fe yaramazken, etiketi i\u015faret etmek ya da k\u0131sa bir s\u00f6zl\u00fc kal\u0131p kullanmak daha h\u0131zl\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmay\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/p>

Teknoloji Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131: H\u0131zdan \u00c7ok Hata Riskini Azaltmak<\/strong><\/p>

Bir\u00e7ok yerde i\u015flemlerin h\u00e2l\u00e2 k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tla yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve hesap makinelerinin yo\u011fun kullan\u0131m\u0131 beni ilk anda \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtt\u0131. \u00dclkeyi teknolojik olarak \u00e7ok ileri bildi\u011fim i\u00e7in, dijitalle\u015fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan geri kalm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi ba\u015fta \u00e7eli\u015fki olu\u015fturdu. Sonra ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131mda bunun geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k de\u011fil; hata riskini azaltmaya, s\u00fcreci herkes i\u00e7in g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ve denetlenebilir k\u0131lmaya y\u00f6nelik bilin\u00e7li bir tercih oldu\u011funu anlad\u0131m. Japonya\u2019da dijitalle\u015fme, h\u0131z odakl\u0131 bir teknik yar\u0131\u015f de\u011fil; toplumsal uyumu koruyan, istikrar\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi \u00f6nceleyen bir denge meselesi.<\/p>

G\u00fcven Toplumu: Kay\u0131p E\u015fya Sahipsiz De\u011fil, Emanet<\/strong><\/p>

Japonya\u2019da emniyet ve g\u00fcvenlik duygusu sadece kurallarla de\u011fil, insanlar\u0131n i\u00e7selle\u015ftirdi\u011fi sorumluluk bilinciyle sa\u011flan\u0131yor. Takside unuttu\u011fum telefonun yar\u0131m saat i\u00e7inde otele b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, bireysel iyilikten \u00e7ok sistemin do\u011fal refleksi gibiydi. Burada kay\u0131p e\u015fya \u201csahipsiz\u201d say\u0131lm\u0131yor; sorumluluk alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131yor. Bu da g\u00fcven duygusunun ne kadar derin ve g\u00fcndelik hayata i\u015flemi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>

Tasarruf, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve Aile Yap\u0131s\u0131: Sistemin Bedeli<\/strong><\/p>

Tasarruf Japonya\u2019da bir hayat felsefesi. Bu konuda kamu spotlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ve bu anlay\u0131\u015f g\u00fcndelik hayata i\u015flemi\u015f. Son model teknolojik \u00fcr\u00fcnler, hatta bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclmeden \u00f6nce, Japon piyasas\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bir\u00e7ok Japon 3-4 nesil eski \u00fcr\u00fcnleri kullanmaya devam ediyor; yeni \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ise \u00e7o\u011fu zaman turistler sat\u0131n al\u0131yor. En kaliteli giyim ve teknoloji markalar\u0131 piyasada mevcut olsa da insanlar yaln\u0131zca ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kadar t\u00fcketiyor, eskimeden yenisini alm\u0131yor.<\/p>

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, toplumsal d\u00fczen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olsa da aile ili\u015fkilerinde belirgin sorunlar g\u00f6ze \u00e7arp\u0131yor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve \u00fcretim odakl\u0131 ya\u015fam tarz\u0131, insanlar\u0131 makine gibi g\u00fcnl\u00fck rutinlere s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabiliyor; bu da e\u015fler aras\u0131 ili\u015fkilere ve aile i\u00e7i ba\u011flara olumsuz yans\u0131yor. \u00c7ocuklara fiziksel yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131, hatta \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ok\u015fama gibi basit temaslar\u0131n bile az g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi dikkatimi \u00e7ekti. K\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n evden ka\u00e7\u0131p sokaklarda g\u00fcn\u00fcbirlik istismar riskine d\u00fc\u015fmesinin \u201cyayg\u0131n\u201d<\/strong> oldu\u011funa dair anlat\u0131lar ise \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>

Tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir T\u00fcrk, Japon bir han\u0131mla evliydi. Ondan dinledi\u011fim bir detay \u00e7ok dikkatimi \u00e7ekti. Konu\u015ftu\u011fum ki\u015fi: Japon n\u00fcfusunun, aile ili\u015fkilerindeki bozulmalar ve bo\u015fanma oranlar\u0131n\u0131n fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle y\u0131lda 1 milyon azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; televizyon programlar\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri konu\u015fulurken, evli Japon kad\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7in Japon k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne uygun milletlerden \u201cdam\u0131zl\u0131k erkek getirilsin\u201d<\/strong> gibi fikirlerin bile a\u00e7\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. Bu, ahl\u00e2ki yap\u0131n\u0131n sistem bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda zay\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ya da sistemselli\u011fin daha \u00e7ok \u00fcretim ve ekonomi odakl\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir detayd\u0131. Yani kalk\u0131nman\u0131n sacayaklar\u0131ndan birinin de muhakkak ahl\u00e2k olmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fini bir kez daha idrak ettim.<\/p>

Japonya\u2019da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u0130\u00e7in En B\u00fcy\u00fck Zorluk: Helal G\u0131daya Eri\u015fim<\/strong><\/p>

Japonya\u2019da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131ran en temel konulardan en \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z hususlardan biri helal g\u0131daya eri\u015fim meselesidir. Sorunun kayna\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131zca helal restoran say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n az olmas\u0131 de\u011fil; Japon mutfak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihsel olarak din\u00ee hassasiyetlere g\u00f6re \u015fekillenmemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>

Japon mutfa\u011f\u0131nda domuz eti ve t\u00fcrevleri olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lmakta. Ramen \u00e7orbalar\u0131ndan haz\u0131r yemeklere, soslardan at\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131klara kadar bir\u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcnde domuz bazl\u0131 et suyu veya katk\u0131 maddeleri bulunabilir. \u00dcr\u00fcn i\u00e7eriklerinin \u00e7o\u011funun yaln\u0131zca Japonca yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 ise, yabanc\u0131 bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131n g\u00fcvenli g\u0131da tercihi yapmas\u0131n\u0131 daha da zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta etsiz veya sebze a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnen yemekler dahi helal olmayabilir.<\/p>

Bu noktada \u00e7o\u011fu M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ziyaret\u00e7i \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc, deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnleri veya vejetaryen se\u00e7eneklere y\u00f6nelmekte bulur. Ancak burada da \u00f6nemli bir detay ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: Japon mutfa\u011f\u0131nda bal\u0131k ve deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yemeklerinde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan mirin (pirin\u00e7 \u015farab\u0131 bazl\u0131 tatland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 sos) bir\u00e7ok yemekte standart bile\u015fen olarak yer al\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yaln\u0131zca deniz \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc tercih etmek her zaman helal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamaz. Yemeklerde kullan\u0131lan soslar, marine y\u00f6ntemleri ve pi\u015firme teknikleri \u00e7o\u011fu zaman alkol t\u00fcrevi i\u00e7erikler bar\u0131nd\u0131rabilir.<\/p>

Bu durum, Japonya\u2019daki g\u0131da sisteminin hijyen, kalite ve g\u00fcven \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen din\u00ee uygunluk perspektifiyle tasarlanmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Japon toplumu tarihsel olarak k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve din\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan olduk\u00e7a homojen bir yap\u0131ya sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in helal hassasiyeti g\u00fcndelik \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal bir par\u00e7as\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>

Son y\u0131llarda artan turizm ve g\u00f6\u00e7 etkisiyle Tokyo, Osaka ve Kyoto gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerde helal sertifikal\u0131 restoranlar ve \u00f6zel marketler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olsa da bu imk\u00e2nlar h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ziyaret\u00e7iler \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u00f6nceden ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak, i\u00e7erik sorgulamak veya g\u00fcvenli se\u00e7enekleri \u00f6zellikle aramak zorunda kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>

Bu tablo, Japonya\u2019n\u0131n son derece d\u00fczenli ve sorunsuz i\u015fleyen sistem yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve din\u00ee ihtiya\u00e7lara kar\u015f\u0131 esneklik \u00fcretmekte zorlanabildi\u011fini de g\u00f6stermektedir. Sistem kusursuz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsa da varsay\u0131lan kullan\u0131c\u0131 profili Japon toplumudur; d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen birey ise sistem i\u00e7inde kendi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcretmek durumunda kalabilir.<\/p>

Kyoto Deneyimi: Sembolizmin G\u00fcc\u00fc ve \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar<\/strong><\/p>

Kyoto\u2019da \u00e7ok say\u0131da tap\u0131nak bulunmas\u0131 zaten dikkat \u00e7ekiciydi. Sanjusangen-do Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019na (Budist mabedi) gitti\u011fimizde i\u00e7erideki 1001 adet metal heykeller \u00f6zellikle dikkatimizi \u00e7ekti. Anlat\u0131lanlara g\u00f6re; merkezde merhameti temsil eden b\u00fcy\u00fck Senju Kannon heykelinin 42 kolu vard\u0131; bu, Budist sembolizminde merhametin her y\u00f6ne ve her canl\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, yani \u201cbin kollu merhamet\u201d<\/strong> fikrini temsil ediyordu. B\u00fcy\u00fck heykelin etraf\u0131ndaki d\u00f6rt fig\u00fcr, bu merhametin d\u00fcnyada d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde tecelli etmesini sa\u011flayan dengeleyici ve koruyucu g\u00fc\u00e7leri simgelerken; arkada asker gibi dizili 1000 Kannon heykeli, merhametin farkl\u0131 tezah\u00fcrlerini ve her insana ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 y\u00f6neli\u015fini; en \u00f6nde yer alan 28 koruyucu kutsal fig\u00fcr ise merhametin kaos, cehalet ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 korunmas\u0131n\u0131 temsil ediyormu\u015f\u2026<\/p>

\u0130slam inanc\u0131na g\u00f6re tevhid dini Hz. Adem\u2019le ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f; b\u00fct\u00fcn peygamberler ayn\u0131 hakikati tebli\u011f etmi\u015f, fakat \u0130lahi mesajlar zamanla tahrif edilerek farkl\u0131 sembol sistemlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7eveden bak\u0131nca, baz\u0131 kadim inan\u00e7larda g\u00f6r\u00fclen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sembollerin, \u0130lahi bir hakikatin bozulmu\u015f ve g\u00f6rselle\u015ftirilmi\u015f izleri olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi akl\u0131m\u0131za geldi. Tap\u0131nakta 1001 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n vurgulanmas\u0131, bende Allah\u2019\u0131n 1001 esmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Merkezdeki heykelin \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6rt fig\u00fcr, \u0130slam\u2019daki d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck mele\u011fi; en \u00f6ndeki 28 fig\u00fcr ise hakikatin korunmas\u0131 ve insan\u0131n do\u011fru yolda tutulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderilen peygamberler fikrini \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran bir d\u00fczen hissi uyand\u0131rd\u0131. Bu sembolik b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck, bu \u00f6\u011fretileri buraya ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f fakat daha sonra tahrifata u\u011frayarak manas\u0131 yozla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir Peygamber\/El\u00e7i varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir sezgi do\u011furdu.<\/p>

Tarihsel Arka Plan: Meiji\u2019den \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemine, Oradan Sek\u00fcler Disipline<\/strong><\/p>

Japonya gezimizi sadece turistik bir gezi olarak de\u011fil, bir medeniyet tecr\u00fcbesi olarak da anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z okumalar ile gezi esnas\u0131nda \u015fahit oldu\u011fumuz s\u00fcreci ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda; bug\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fczen, disiplin ve sistem anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sert ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir tarihsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011funu fark ettik.<\/p>

Japon toplumunda \u0130mparator alg\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131radan bir monar\u015fi gibi de\u011fildir. \u0130mparator, Shinto\u2019ya g\u00f6re G\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 Amaterasu\u2019nun soyundan geldi\u011fine inan\u0131lan kutsal bir fig\u00fcr kabul edilmi\u015f. Ancak 1868 \u00f6ncesinde ger\u00e7ek siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u015eogunlar\u0131n (askeri y\u00f6netici) elindeymi\u015f. 1868\u2019deki Meiji Restorasyonu (modernle\u015fme d\u00f6nemi) ile Japonya, Bat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015fme tehdidini fark edince radikal ama ak\u0131ll\u0131ca bir yol se\u00e7mi\u015f: Gelene\u011fi y\u0131kmak yerine onu modernle\u015fmenin motoru haline getirmek… \u0130mparator, devletin ve milletin birle\u015ftirici merkezi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; modern ordu, sanayi ve e\u011fitim sistemi tek otorite etraf\u0131nda h\u0131zla in\u015fa edilmi\u015f.<\/p>

Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u0130mparatora sadakat, vatana ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n da \u00f6tesinde ahl\u00e2ki ve manevi bir g\u00f6rev olarak \u00f6\u011fretilmi\u015f; disiplin, itaat ve fedak\u00e2rl\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc derinle\u015fmi\u015f. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda Hiro\u015fima ve Nagazaki atom bombalar\u0131ndan sonra yenilgi kesinle\u015fti\u011finde bile mesele bir\u00e7ok Japon i\u00e7in sadece askeri kay\u0131p de\u011fil, \u0130mparator ad\u0131na verilen s\u00f6z\u00fcn sona ermesiyle olu\u015fan onur kayb\u0131 olmu\u015f. Bu sebeple onur anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 gere\u011fi binlerce asker ve sivilin harakiri (onur intihar\u0131) yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Amerikan i\u015fgal kuvvetlerinin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki Douglas MacArthur, toplumun psikolojik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 dikkate alarak o zamanki \u0130mparator Hirohito\u2019yu bu sebeple g\u00f6revden almam\u0131\u015f; \u0130mparatorluk kurumunu kald\u0131rmak yerine siyasi yetkilerini alarak onu sembolik konuma \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Hirohito\u2019nun 1946\u2019da tanr\u0131sal olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmesiyle Japonya militarist-imparatorluk d\u00fczeninden anayasal devlete ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn g\u00f6zlenen d\u00fczen, sistem sadakati ve toplumsal disiplinin, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte imparator etraf\u0131nda in\u015fa edilen kolektif zihniyetin modernle\u015fmi\u015f ve sek\u00fclerle\u015fmi\u015f devam\u0131 oldu\u011fu kanaati analizcilerin genel kanaatidir.<\/p>

Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m okumalarda ve g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm haritalarda zaman\u0131nda Japon \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun g\u00fcc\u00fc ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 dikkatimi \u00e7ekmi\u015fti: Japonya\u2019n\u0131n 1895-1942 aras\u0131nda Kore\u2019den Endonezya\u2019ya uzanan geni\u015f co\u011frafyada fiilen bir \u0130mparatorluk kurmas\u0131, devlet akl\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Kore Yar\u0131madas\u0131, Tayvan, Man\u00e7urya, \u00c7in\u2019in k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri, Filipinler, Malezya, Singapur, Burma (Myanmar), Endonezya ve Pasifik\u2019teki bir\u00e7ok ada bu d\u00f6nemde Japon kontrol\u00fcne girmi\u015f; s\u0131n\u0131rlar do\u011fuda Pasifik Adalar\u0131na, bat\u0131da Burma i\u00e7lerine, kuzeyde Sahalin ve Man\u00e7urya\u2019ya, g\u00fcneyde Java ve Timor\u2019a kadar geni\u015flemi\u015f. Bu yay\u0131lma yaln\u0131zca asker\u00ee bir h\u0131rs\u0131n sonucu de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda petrol, kau\u00e7uk ve demir gibi temel kaynaklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fakir olan Japonya\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in ekonomik bir zorunluluk niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yormu\u015f. O d\u00f6nemki; \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Do\u011fu Asya Ortak Refah Alan\u0131\u201d<\/strong> s\u00f6ylemi, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde Asya\u2019y\u0131 Bat\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finden kurtarma iddias\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131sa da pratikte Japonya merkezli bir d\u00fczen kurma hedefini bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yormu\u015f. 1942\u2019de zirveye \u00e7\u0131kan bu \u0130mparatorluk, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n seyri de\u011fi\u015fince k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f.<\/p>

Bu tarihsel arka plan\u0131 bilince, sokaktaki d\u00fczeni ve i\u015f hayat\u0131ndaki titizli\u011fi sadece k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u201cterbiye\u201d<\/strong> olarak de\u011fil; uzun y\u0131llar boyunca devletin, ordunun ve sanayinin ayn\u0131 disiplinle \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin toplumsal hayata yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak okumaya ba\u015flad\u0131m. D\u00fczenin \u00e7o\u011fu zaman d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131yla de\u011fil, i\u00e7selle\u015ftirilmi\u015f sorumluluk duygusuyla korunmas\u0131 da bu s\u00fcreklilik hissini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p>

Japonya\u2019n\u0131n Ekonomik Sistemi: G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc G\u00f6r\u00fcnen Ama Hassas Denge<\/strong><\/p>

D\u00fcnya ekonomisine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Japonya\u2019n\u0131n finansal sistemi ilk bak\u0131\u015fta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Faiz oranlar\u0131 uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r s\u0131f\u0131ra yak\u0131n, hatta zaman zaman negatiftir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bankada para tutmak yerine harcama ve yat\u0131r\u0131m te\u015fvik edilir. Bunun nedeni bir \u201cg\u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6sterisi\u201d<\/strong> de\u011fil; 1990\u2019larda ya\u015fanan b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik balonun patlamas\u0131 sonras\u0131 durgunlu\u011fu y\u00f6netme \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. Japonya Merkez Bankas\u0131 bor\u00e7lanmay\u0131 ucuzlatarak, t\u00fcketimi ve yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 canl\u0131 tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f; ekonomi \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015ften korunmu\u015f ama devlet borcu b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>

Bug\u00fcn Japonya\u2019n\u0131n devlet borcu \u00fclke ekonomisinin yakla\u015f\u0131k %250\u2019si seviyesindedir ve bu oran d\u00fcnyadaki en y\u00fcksek seviyelerden biridir. Ancak burada belirleyici olan borcun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ziyade yap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Japonya\u2019n\u0131n kamu borcunun b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 yabanc\u0131 finans \u00e7evrelerine de\u011fil; Japon vatanda\u015flar\u0131na, yerli bankalara ve emeklilik fonlar\u0131na aittir. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle devletin \u00f6dedi\u011fi faiz, \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na transfer edilmek yerine yine Japon ekonomik sistemi i\u00e7inde dola\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>

Bu durum Japonya\u2019y\u0131 klasik d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fayan \u00fclkelerden ay\u0131r\u0131r. Pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede kamu borcu uluslararas\u0131 finans merkezleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla d\u0131\u015f sermayeye aktar\u0131l\u0131rken, Japonya\u2019da tasarruflar\u0131n devlet tahvilleri \u00fczerinden yeniden sisteme y\u00f6nlendirilmesi tercih edilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece k\u00fcresel finans sisteminin sermaye ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131na entegre olunurken, bor\u00e7 \u00fczerinden \u00fclke kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya s\u00fcrekli aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>

Japonya\u2019n\u0131n geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bu model, k\u00fcresel finans d\u00fczeni i\u00e7inde kalmakla birlikte ekonomik egemenli\u011fi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca i\u00e7eride tutmaya dayanan kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Devlet borcu y\u00fcksek g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, borcun finansman\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde toplumun kendi birikimleriyle sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fclke, d\u0131\u015f finansman bask\u0131s\u0131 veya ani sermaye ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131 risklerine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6rece daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bir yap\u0131 olu\u015fturabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>

Vergiler Y\u00fcksek Ama Hayat Neden G\u00f6rece Ucuz?<\/strong><\/p>

Japonya\u2019da gelir vergisi yakla\u015f\u0131k %5 ile %45 band\u0131nda, kurumlar vergisi ortalama %30, t\u00fcketim vergisi ise %10 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r; sosyal g\u00fcvenlik kesintileri de y\u00fcksektir. Buna ra\u011fmen fiyatlar\u0131n g\u00f6rece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kalabilmesi beni \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, bu durumun vergi oranlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden de\u011fil, Japonya\u2019ya \u00f6zg\u00fc ekonomik k\u00fclt\u00fcrden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Japonya\u2019da \u015firketler, k\u0131sa vadeli y\u00fcksek k\u00e2r yerine uzun vadeli pazar istikrar\u0131na odaklan\u0131r; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck k\u00e2r marjlar\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Japonya\u2019n\u0131n uzun y\u0131llar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enflasyon (hatta zaman zaman fiyat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc) ya\u015famas\u0131 da fiyat art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak \u201cistenmeyen\u201d<\/strong> bir \u015feye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Verimli lojistik, yo\u011fun rekabet ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehir \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi de bu yap\u0131y\u0131 destekler. Japon para birimi \u201cYen\u201d<\/strong>in son y\u0131llardaki de\u011fer kayb\u0131 ise yabanc\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Japonya\u2019y\u0131 daha ucuz hale getirmi\u015f.<\/p>

\u00d6zellikle teknoloji ve giyim \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin Japonya\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6re daha ucuz olmas\u0131 dikkatimi \u00e7ekmi\u015fti. Ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131mda ise temel sebeplerinden birinin yukar\u0131daki hususlara ilaveten, Japonya\u2019n\u0131n Asya \u00fcretim zincirine daha yak\u0131n olmas\u0131 oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frendim. \u00dcr\u00fcnler \u00fcretim a\u011f\u0131ndan do\u011frudan pazara ak\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise ayn\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u00fcretici, b\u00f6lgesel da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131, ithalat\u00e7\u0131, bayi zincirinden ge\u00e7er; her a\u015fama maliyet ekler. Buna g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileri, \u00d6TV, finansman maliyetleri ve kur oynakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 eklenince fiyatlar y\u00fckselir.<\/p>

Asgari \u00dccretle Ya\u015fam: Sistem D\u0131\u015f\u0131na D\u00fc\u015fmemek<\/strong><\/p>

Japonya\u2019da ortalama asgari \u00fccret saatlik 1.000-1.150 Yen civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Tam zamanl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir ki\u015finin ayl\u0131k net geliri yakla\u015f\u0131k 160.000-180.000 Yen olur, yani 1.150- 1.250 dolar band\u0131nda. Tokyo\u2019da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir evin kiras\u0131 60.000-90.000 Yen seviyesindedir ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman gelirinin yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131 konuta gider. G\u0131da giderleri ortalama 30.000-40.000 Yen civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131k harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %70\u2019i devlet taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r; bir\u00e7ok \u015firkette ula\u015f\u0131m masraf\u0131 i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6denir. Bu yap\u0131, insan\u0131 zenginle\u015ftirmekten \u00e7ok \u201cd\u00fc\u015fmesini engelleyen\u201d<\/strong> bir g\u00fcvenlik \u015feridi gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>

Neden Gen\u00e7ler Evlenmiyor? N\u00fcfus Neden Azal\u0131yor?<\/strong><\/p>

Ekonomik g\u00fcvenli\u011fe ra\u011fmen Japonya\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlar\u0131ndan biri n\u00fcfus azalmas\u0131d\u0131r. Maa\u015flar\u0131n uzun s\u00fcre s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 artmas\u0131, kariyer s\u0131\u00e7ramalar\u0131n\u0131n zorla\u015fmas\u0131 ve hayat\u0131n yo\u011fun ritmi, gen\u00e7lerde gelecek beklentisini zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Evlilik ve \u00e7ocuk, maliyet ve zaman sorumlulu\u011fu demektir; bu nedenle bir\u00e7ok gen\u00e7 bireysel ya\u015fam\u0131 se\u00e7mektedir. Do\u011furganl\u0131k oran\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,2 seviyesine d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle toplum h\u0131zla ya\u015flanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>

D\u00fczen Var, Ama Mutluluk Neden Orta Seviyede?<\/strong><\/p>

Japon toplumunun temel de\u011feri \u201cuyum\u201d<\/strong>dur. Bireyden beklenen, toplumsal d\u00fczeni bozmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durum g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirli\u011fi art\u0131r\u0131rken, bireysel ifade alan\u0131n\u0131 daraltabilir. Uzun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri, yaln\u0131z ya\u015fam ve sosyal mesafe modern Japon toplumunun yayg\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri haline gelmi\u015ftir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Japonya g\u00fcvenli, d\u00fczenli ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir bir ya\u015fam sunar; ancak spontane ve duygusal ya\u015fam alan\u0131 daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 hissedilebilir.<\/p>

K\u00fcresel \u00c7apta \u00d6nemli Bir Ekonomik ve Teknolojik G\u00fc\u00e7, Ama Liderlik \u0130ddias\u0131 Yok, D\u00fcnya Siyasetine Y\u00f6n Veremiyor!<\/strong><\/p>

II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Japonya yaln\u0131zca askeri bir yenilgi ya\u015famam\u0131\u015f; asl\u0131nda devlet akl\u0131n\u0131, g\u00fcvenlik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00fcnya ile kurdu\u011fu ili\u015fkiyi tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f bir \u00fclke haline gelmi\u015f. Hiro\u015fima ve Nagazaki\u2019ye at\u0131lan atom bombalar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Japonya, ABD i\u015fgali alt\u0131nda yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 1947\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren anayasa ile resmen sava\u015f ilan etme hakk\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mi\u015f, uluslararas\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanarak \u00e7\u00f6zmeyece\u011fini kabul etmi\u015f ve sald\u0131r\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131 ordu kurmas\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015f. Bu d\u00fczenleme, ABD\u2019nin y\u00f6nlendirmesiyle haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi Japon militarizminin yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7meyi hedeflemi\u015f.<\/p>

Bu noktadan sonra Japonya farkl\u0131 bir yol se\u00e7mi\u015f: askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 yerine ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7 in\u015fa etmek. \u00dclkenin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi fiilen ABD\u2019nin askeri korumas\u0131 alt\u0131na girmi\u015f; Japonya topraklar\u0131nda kurulan Amerikan \u00fcsleri sayesinde savunma y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc minimum seviyede tutabilmi\u015f. B\u00f6ylece kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 orduya de\u011fil sanayiye, teknolojiye, e\u011fitime ve \u00fcretime y\u00f6nlendirme imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulmu\u015f. 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan \u201c\u00d6z Savunma Kuvvetleri\u201d<\/strong> ise anayasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde yaln\u0131zca savunma amac\u0131yla olu\u015fturulmu\u015f. Resmiyette \u201cordu\u201d<\/strong> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmasa da zaman i\u00e7inde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en geli\u015fmi\u015f teknolojiye sahip askeri yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan birine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f. Buna ra\u011fmen Japonya uzun y\u0131llar boyunca askeri yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131ktan uzak durmu\u015f, k\u00fcresel siyasette liderlik iddias\u0131 ortaya koymak yerine ekonomik-teknolojik g\u00fc\u00e7 ve i\u00e7 d\u00fczen \u00fczerine kurulu bir model geli\u015ftirmi\u015f.<\/p>

Japonya\u2019y\u0131 gezerken hissedilen bar\u0131\u015f atmosferinin arkas\u0131nda da bu tarihsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm yat\u0131yor. Hiro\u015fima ve Nagazaki haf\u0131zas\u0131 \u00fclkede unutulmu\u015f bir ge\u00e7mi\u015f de\u011fil; tam tersine e\u011fitim sisteminin canl\u0131 bir par\u00e7as\u0131. Okullarda \u00f6\u011frencilerin bu \u015fehirlere g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, m\u00fczelerin ziyaret edilmesi ya da anma t\u00f6renleri yap\u0131lmas\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n ne kadar y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu nesilden nesile hat\u0131rlatmak ve bar\u0131\u015f bilincini korumak amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor. Bu nedenle Japon toplumunda sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131zca politik bir tercih de\u011fil, kolektif bir haf\u0131za haline gelmi\u015f durumda.<\/p>

Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00e7evredeki g\u00fcvenlik dengeleri de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. \u00c7in\u2019in h\u0131zla artan askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc, Kuzey Kore\u2019nin f\u00fcze denemeleri ve b\u00f6lgedeki jeopolitik gerilimler Japonya\u2019y\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yeniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye zorlam\u0131\u015f. Anayasa h\u00e2l\u00e2 Japonya\u2019n\u0131n sava\u015f ilan etmesine ve sald\u0131r\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmesine izin vermese de, \u00fclke ABD ittifak\u0131 i\u00e7inde savunma kapasitesini sessiz ve kademeli bi\u00e7imde art\u0131rmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. Yani d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda h\u00e2l\u00e2 bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 kimli\u011fini koruyan Japonya, ayn\u0131 zamanda de\u011fi\u015fen d\u00fcnyada tamamen savunmas\u0131z kalmak istemeyen bir denge aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girmi\u015f.<\/p>

Bug\u00fcn Japonya\u2019ya bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015fey asl\u0131nda ilgin\u00e7 bir tarihsel sonu\u00e7: Sava\u015f\u0131n travmas\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f bir bar\u0131\u015f devleti, fakat bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn de gerekli oldu\u011funu kabullenmeye ba\u015flayan bir \u00fclke. En son \u00c7in ile Tayvan aras\u0131ndaki gerilimin artmas\u0131na Japonya\u2019n\u0131n verdi\u011fi tepkiyi de b\u00f6yle okumak gerekli diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>

T\u00fcrkiye ile Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma: \u0130nsan m\u0131 Sistem mi?<\/strong><\/p>

Bu g\u00f6zlemlerimi T\u00fcrkiye ile k\u0131yaslad\u0131\u011f\u0131mda aradaki temel fark daha da belirgin hale geldi: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sistemi \u00e7o\u011fu zaman insanlar ayakta tutar; Japonya\u2019da ise kurulmu\u015f sistem insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirir. Bizde bir sorun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm genellikle pratik zek\u00e2, ki\u015fisel inisiyatif ve insan ili\u015fkileri sayesinde bulunur. Kurallar esnetilebilir, \u015fartlara g\u00f6re h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretilebilir. Japonya\u2019da ise as\u0131l ama\u00e7 sorun \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra \u00e7\u00f6zmek de\u011fil, en ba\u015ftan kurulan kurallar ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle sorun olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemektir.<\/p>

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de esneklik, giri\u015fkenlik, inisiyatif kullanma ve h\u0131zl\u0131 uyum sa\u011flama g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yanlar olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karken; Japonya\u2019da s\u00fcreklilik, standartlara ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ve kolektif disiplin daha bask\u0131nd\u0131r. Bizde insan ili\u015fkileri sistemi tamamlayan bir unsurken, Japonya\u2019da sistem insan ili\u015fkilerinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirler. Bu nedenle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de hayat daha hareketli ve insani temas daha s\u0131cak hissedilirken, Japonya\u2019da d\u00fczen, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik ve sorunsuz i\u015fleyi\u015f \u00f6n plandad\u0131r. \u0130ki toplum da farkl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6nlere sahip olsa da, biri insan merkezli bir i\u015fleyi\u015fe, di\u011feri ise sistem merkezli bir d\u00fczene daha yak\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>

Bu durum, iki toplumun tarihsel deneyimlerinin ve hayatta kalma reflekslerinin g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam d\u00fczenine farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>

Adil D\u00fczen Perspektifinden Japonya\u2019dan Al\u0131nabilecek Dersler ve Bu \u00dclkede Eksik Kalan Y\u00f6nler<\/strong><\/p>

Japonya\u2019y\u0131 tarihsel arka plan\u0131 ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131yla birlikte de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimde, Adil D\u00fczen\u2019in hedefledi\u011fi ilmi, ahl\u00e2ki ve kurumsal sistemler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar sundu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Planlama disiplini, kurumsalla\u015fma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, standardizasyon, israf\u0131 azaltma refleksi, \u00fcretim kalitesi ve uzun vadeli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, teknik ve ekonomik alanda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir model olu\u015fturuyor. E\u011fitime ve teknik bilgiye verilen \u00f6nem, ilmi geli\u015fmenin uygulamada kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/p>

Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k sistemin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde prosed\u00fcr ve kurallar \u00fczerinden i\u015flemesi, zaman zaman bireysel inisiyatifi ve ahl\u00e2k\u0131 zay\u0131flatabiliyor. Tarihte ya\u015fanan sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi uygulamalar\u0131 da, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir sistemin adalet ve merhamet ilkeleriyle dengelenmedi\u011finde sert sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilece\u011fini hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor. Bu da bana, teknik m\u00fckemmelli\u011fin tek ba\u015f\u0131na yetmedi\u011fini; ahl\u00e2k, adalet, hakkaniyet ve insan merkezli yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n sistemin asli unsuru olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>

Sonu\u00e7: Oturmu\u015f, Akla ve Ahl\u00e2ka Uygun Bir Sistem Var; Ama De\u011fer Dengesini Kim Kuracak?<\/strong><\/p>

Japonya seyahati benim i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca yeni bir \u00fclke g\u00f6rmek de\u011fil, bir toplumun nas\u0131l ayakta kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve nas\u0131l g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fini yerinde g\u00f6zlemlemek anlam\u0131na geldi. Disiplinin, planlaman\u0131n ve sistem kurma iradesinin bir milleti nas\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebilece\u011fini Japonya\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Bununla birlikte ger\u00e7ek g\u00fcc\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca (ilmi ve ekonomik) teknik ba\u015far\u0131dan de\u011fil, adalet ve ahl\u00e2k ile dengelenmi\u015f bir d\u00fczen kurabilmekten ge\u00e7ti\u011fini de daha iyi kavrad\u0131m.<\/p>

Japonya\u2019dan ayr\u0131l\u0131rken akl\u0131mda kalan en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u015fuydu: Bir toplumun gelece\u011fini belirleyen \u015fey, sahip oldu\u011fu imk\u00e2nlardan \u00e7ok, bu imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 hangi anlay\u0131\u015f ve hangi de\u011ferler \u00fczerine in\u015fa etti\u011fidir. Japonya Adil D\u00fczen\u2019e \u00e7ok yatk\u0131n, ama en \u00e7ok da muhta\u00e7 bir \u00fclkedir.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

YAKUP G\u00d6Z\u00dcB\u00dcY\u00dcK KARDE\u015e\u0130M\u0130Z\u0130N JAPONYA \u0130ZLEN\u0130MLER\u0130 Japonya: Disiplin \u00dczerine Kurulmu\u015f Bir Sistem Toplumunu Yerinde G\u00f6zlemlemek Japonya seyahatini karde\u015flerimle birlikte yaln\u0131zca yeni bir \u00fclke g\u00f6rmek amac\u0131yla de\u011fil, farkl\u0131 bir medeniyeti yerinde g\u00f6zlemlemek ve ibret nazar\u0131yla anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak niyetiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdik. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim\u2019de insan\u0131n seyahatini bir tefekk\u00fcr ve \u015fuur vesilesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmesi istenir. Bu bilin\u00e7le yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Japonya yolculu\u011fu, benim […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":58,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38829","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ozel-yazilar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38829","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/58"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38829"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38829\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":38833,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38829\/revisions\/38833"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38829"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38829"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38829"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}