\u00a0 <\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck jeopolitik levhalar<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00d6nce Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131'yla Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, sonra da Afganistan'daki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmayla Sovyetler Birli\u011fi yava\u015f yava\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin bir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu fark etti. \u0130ki s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 l960'l\u0131 y\u0131llarda ba\u015flayan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin sona erme s\u00fcrecinin k\u0131smen d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya'daki gerilimler ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmesinin dar \u00e7er\u00e7evesine art\u0131k s\u0131\u011fmamaktayd\u0131.<\/strong> <\/p>\n Eski K\u0131ta'n\u0131n yeniden yap\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n ve Avrupa ile Japonya'daki "ekonomik mucizeler"in ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesiyle, ABD'nin Kuzey Atlantik Antla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (NATO) i\u00e7indeki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 1970'li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ekonomik ve politik birli\u011fini sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, refaha ermi\u015f bir Bat\u0131 Avrupa, Washington'dan gelen b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nlendirmeleri kabul etmeye eskiden oldu\u011fu kadar yatk\u0131n de\u011fildi. Amerikan ekonomisi art\u0131k, Almanya'n\u0131n itici g\u00fc\u00e7 rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 AET'nin ve Japonya'n\u0131n gittik\u00e7e g\u00fc\u00e7lenen rekabetiyle ba\u015f etmek zorundayd\u0131.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0 <\/p>\n "Bat\u0131"n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011finin kefili olan ABD, asker\u00ee harcamalar\u0131n gittik\u00e7e artan a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ekonomisinin rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc nispeten yitirmesi aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131p kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6ylece 1980'li y\u0131llarda Atlas Okyanusu'nun her iki k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131yla, Washington ve Tokyo aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7mam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Do\u011fuda kom\u00fcnist blok 1963'teki \u00c7in-Sovyet ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla zaten cidd\u00ee bi\u00e7imde zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1970'li y\u0131llar boyunca\u00a0 SSCB ekonomik zaaf\u0131n\u0131, asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rarak telafi etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu \u00fclke ABD kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda dengeyi ancak n\u00fckleer ve konvansiyonel silah donan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 korkutucu oranda b\u00fcy\u00fcterek ve \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya'n\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koyarak sa\u011flayabildi. Ama asker\u00ee \u00e7abalar\u0131n kuruttu\u011fu kaynaklar, hi\u00e7 de etkin olmayan ekonomik sistemin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerini \u00e7o\u011faltmaktan ba\u015fka bir i\u015fe yaramad\u0131.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu'nun Afganistan'da bata\u011fa saplanmas\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Avrupa'daki m\u00fczmin ekonomik bunal\u0131m, sonunda SSCB'deki ya\u015fl\u0131 kom\u00fcnist iktidar\u0131 ve Moskova'n\u0131n m\u00fcttefikleri \u00fczerindeki otoritesini yok etti. Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov'un Kremlin'e geli\u015fi, (a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k) ve (Yeniden yap\u0131lanma) politikas\u0131, do\u011fuda ger\u00e7ekten yeni ve belirleyici bir tarihi a\u015fama ba\u015flatt\u0131. 1945'ten bu yana ilk defa kom\u00fcnist Avrupa'n\u0131n demokratikle\u015fmesi konusu g\u00fcndeme ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. <\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bu iki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130deolojik blo\u011fun yava\u015f yava\u015f ufalanmas\u0131yla birlikte, belki, de XXI. yy'\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7leri olacak yeni b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fc\u00e7ler, boy g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz Almanya ve Japonya var, ama Hindistan, Brezilya, \u00c7in g\u00eebi nispeten ileri bir sanayile\u015fme d\u00fczeyine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerinin de yer almas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00a0 <\/strong> <\/p>\n Ayn\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fe farkl\u0131 bak\u0131\u015flar <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Jeopolitik, iktidar ile co\u011frafi alan aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri kavraman\u0131n g\u00f6reli olarak yeni bir bi\u00e7imidir. Jeopolitik XVIII. yy Avrupas\u0131'nda \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ulus devletlerin kurulmas\u0131yla birlikte geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Orta\u00e7a\u011f'da Avrupa devletleri par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f topraklar \u00fczerinde birer iktidar yuma\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Kral, topraklara, kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 yerel, b\u00f6lgesel, hatta krall\u0131k veya \u0130mparatorluk d\u00fczeyindeki \u00e7ok say\u0131da farkl\u0131 otoriteden daha az egemendi. Bununla birlikte merkez\u00ee otorite g\u00fc\u00e7lendik\u00e7e, bu devletler toprak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daha t\u00fcrde\u015f olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, bir s\u00fcre sonra "denetlenen alan", g\u00fcc\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc durumuna gelmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n yerini "ulus"a b\u0131rakmas\u0131yla \u00fclke ve ulusal kimlik birbirine kar\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece "\u00fclkenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n" topografik olarak \u00e7izilmesi devletin ulusal \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 somut olarak temsil etme ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koyma arac\u0131 oldu. Co\u011frafyac\u0131lar ulus devletin g\u00fcvenlik hizmetinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere g\u00f6revlendirildiler. Haritac\u0131l\u0131k ve arazi d\u00fczenleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 modern, \u00fclkelerin d\u0131\u015f, hatta i\u00e7 politikalar\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00f6\u011feleridir. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bir devletin politik "merkezi" kolayl\u0131kla ay\u0131rt edilse bile, "s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131" belirlemek g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Jeopolitik giderek d\u00f6rt kavram do\u011furmu\u015ftur: "tabi\u00ee" s\u0131n\u0131rlar, "b\u00fcy\u00fck oyun", "ya\u015fam alan\u0131" ve "vaat edilmi\u015f toprak" (arz-\u0131 mev'ud). Asl\u0131nda bu kavramlar\u0131n her biri Fransa, \u0130ngiltere, Almanya ve ABD'den olu\u015fan y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n ifadesidir. Nitekim jeopolitik\u00e7ilerin hemen hepsi bu \u00fclkelerin yurtta\u015f\u0131d\u0131r: Frans\u0131z Jacques Guillaume, Thouret, \u0130ngiliz Halford Mackinder, Amerikal\u0131 Alfred Thayer Mahan, Alman Friedrich Ratzel ve Karl Haush\u00f6fer. Bunlara \u0130sve\u00e7li Johan Rudolf Kjellen' de eklemek gerekir. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Co\u011frafyan\u0131n politik a\u00e7\u0131dan yorumlanmas\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n hizmetindeki \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme arac\u0131ndan biridir. Bu arada, toprak kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle XIX. Ve XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131llarda jeopoliti\u011fin g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015fmesine etki etmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ABD: Yahudiler i\u00e7in vaat edilmi\u015f topraklar <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Amerikan ulusu tarih\u00ee k\u00f6klerden yoksun olarak do\u011fdu. Ulusal birli\u011fini toprak veya k\u00fclt\u00fcre de\u011fil, tanr\u0131'n\u0131n takdiriyle do\u011frulanan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir projeye dayand\u0131racakt\u0131. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yerlilerin at ko\u015fturdu\u011fu bakir bir toprak ve de\u011fi\u015fik \u00fclkelerden gelmi\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7menler yeni ulus devletin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildi. Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yeni bir devletin kurulmas\u0131 Eski K\u0131ta'n\u0131n tarihiyle iplerin kopart\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes'teki K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz'in ge\u00e7ilmesi efsanesine sar\u0131lan ABD'nin kurucu babalar\u0131, kendi devletlerine evrensel bir misyon buldular. Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan istenen, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya uluslar\u0131na \u00f6rnek olacak, \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve muzaffer bir se\u00e7ilmi\u015f topra\u011f\u0131n, yeni bir Kud\u00fcs'\u00fcn kurulmas\u0131yd\u0131. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ABD diplomatik ve asker\u00ee oyunlardan olu\u015fan Avrupa tarihine kar\u015f\u0131 "Vaat edilmi\u015f topra\u011f\u0131" (Arz-\u0131 Mev'ud) yaratt\u0131. Anayasal bir uzla\u015fmadan ve erdeme dayal\u0131 kurumlar\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, tarih d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir ulusal kimlik tan\u0131mlad\u0131lar. Amerika kendini hem tanr\u0131'n\u0131n eserinin tamamlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nceden se\u00e7ilmi\u015f yer, hem de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yeniden do\u011fu\u015funun hareket noktas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Bu asl\u0131nda Siyonist Yahudilerin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 G\u00fcnah\u0131n damgas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan eski d\u00fcnyan\u0131n reddedilmesiyle d\u00fcnyay\u0131 "kurtarmaya" y\u00f6nelik Mesih\u00e7i irade aras\u0131ndaki bu gerilim, Amerikan d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda h\u00e2l\u00e2 ge\u00e7erli olan iki b\u00fcy\u00fck e\u011filimde (kendi i\u015fine bakma ve bir d\u00fcnya devleti olma e\u011filimleri) varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. Ama her iki durumda da s\u0131n\u0131r kavram\u0131 arak co\u011frafi, bir ger\u00e7ekle ili\u015fkilendirilmemektedir. ideolojik bir boyut kazanmaktad\u0131r: s\u0131n\u0131r Amerika'n\u0131n temsil etti\u011fi de\u011ferlerin (demokrasi, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, piyasa ekonomisi) ilerleyi\u015fini g\u00f6steren hareket halinde ge\u00e7ici bir \u00e7izgidir. Vah\u015fi Bat\u0131'n\u0131n fethedilmesinden \u015fu anki "\u00d6zg\u00fcr D\u00fcnya"n\u0131n olu\u015fumuna kadar gerek\u00e7e hep ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Theodare Roosevelt, 1898'de "D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Amerikanla\u015fmas\u0131 bizim yazg\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131r" derken, Siyonizm B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130srail Plan\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatmaktayd\u0131. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bununla birlikte bu "a\u00e7\u0131k yazg\u0131" co\u011frafya engeline \u00e7arp\u0131yordu. Avrasya'dan okyanuslarla ayr\u0131lan ABD bir "ada"yd\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden jeopoliti\u011fi, \u0130ngiliz jeopoliti\u011fi gibi deniz g\u00fcc\u00fc kavram\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kuruldu. ABD'nin g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00f6nce denizlere, sonra da b\u00fcy\u00fck ak\u0131\u015flara (ticari ve mali) ve haberle\u015fmeye egemen olmaya ve uzak b\u00f6lgelere askeri olarak m\u00fcdahale edebilme yetene\u011fine dayan\u0131r. ABD b\u00f6ylece eskiden \u0130ngiliz \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu'nun \u00fcstlendi\u011fi "b\u00fcy\u00fck oyun"a yeniden sahip \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. "Avrasya'n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck kara g\u00fc\u00e7lerini dizginlemek." Arz-\u0131 Mevuda haz\u0131rl\u0131k anlam\u0131ndayd\u0131. Avrasya'n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in de, T\u00fcrkiye'nin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ve \u0130slami direncin k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131. Bu nedenle Siyonist g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc ABD M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrkiye'nin stratejik d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131yd\u0131. Ve her f\u0131rsatta gizli ve a\u00e7\u0131k, T\u00fcrkiye'ye ambargo uygulayacakt\u0131. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u015eimdi U\u011fur Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m'\u0131n Jeopolitik tespitlerine bakal\u0131m: <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Amerika'n\u0131n silah ambargosu: Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131 <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kamuoyunda yayg\u0131n kanaat, Amerika'n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye'ye ilk silah ambargosunu K\u0131br\u0131s olaylar\u0131nda, uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oysa "Dost ve M\u00fcttefik" ABD'nin, T\u00fcrkiye'ye en zor zamanlar\u0131nda uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ambargonun tarihi daha eski; Trablusgarp Savas\u0131. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130ttihat Terakki y\u00f6netimi Trablus'taki 10 bin ki\u015filik t\u00fcmeni Aden K\u00f6rfezi'ne g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti. 2 bin 500 kilometre uzunlu\u011fundaki sahil ve koca \u00fclkeyi savunacak bin 700 T\u00fcrk askeri kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kurmay albay Ne\u015fet bey (Trablus'a gittikten sonra general olmu\u015f ve b\u00f6lgenin genel komutan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r), kurmay binba\u015f\u0131 Enver bey, kurmay binba\u015f\u0131 Mustafa Kemal, Fethi bey, Nuri ve Halil beyler gibi subaylar Trablus'a giderek direni\u015fi \u00f6rg\u00fctlediler. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1912 Ocak ay\u0131nda 100 bin \u0130talyan askerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bir avu\u00e7 T\u00fcrk subay\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctledi\u011fi Sunus\u00ee'lerden olu\u015fan Bingazi'de 15 bin, Trablus'ta 10 bin ki\u015fi \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. T\u00fcrk askerleri kahramanca sava\u015ft\u0131lar. Ancak sonunda \u0130talyanlar\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131 kabul edilerek 15 Ekim 1912'de \u0130svi\u00e7re'nin U\u015fi (Ouchy) kentinde anla\u015fma imzaland\u0131. Trablusgarp'\u0131 kaybettik. Trablus, d\u00fcnya tarihinde u\u00e7aklar\u0131n sava\u015f arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk sava\u015f. \u0130lk kez bir sava\u015fta (\u0130talyan) u\u00e7aklar bombard\u0131man yapt\u0131lar ve bildiri att\u0131lar. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trablus sava\u015f\u0131 daha tamamen bitmeden Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye, Rusya'n\u0131n, Hariciye Naz\u0131r\u0131 Norodunkiyan efendiye verdi\u011fi "bar\u0131\u015f teminat\u0131" \u00fczerine 120 taburunu terhis etti! <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ard\u0131ndan Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 patlak verdi. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Trablus sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda m\u00fchimmat (toplu tabanca fi\u015fe\u011fi) ve t\u00fcfek kunda\u011f\u0131 almak i\u00e7in ABD'ye ba\u015fvurdu. Amerikan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti "tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k politikas\u0131"n\u0131 gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek, Osmanl\u0131'n\u0131n talebini reddetti. Bu ambargodan sonra \u0130ttihat Terakki y\u00f6netimi, 15 cm.den uzun toplu tabancalarla \u00f6teki t\u00fcm ate\u015fli silahlar\u0131n ve bunlar\u0131n m\u00fchimmatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkeye giri\u015fini yasaklad\u0131, \u00f6te yandan silah yap\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devlet tekeli olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ad\u0131mlar atmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.36 <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bu ambargo, nedense tek bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada yer al\u0131r, \u00fczerinde durulmaz, "not edilmez", derslerde anlat\u0131lmaz. <\/p>\n Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131 anlat\u0131l\u0131rken bu "ayr\u0131nt\u0131" nedense atlan\u0131r. <\/p>\n \u00c7anakkale'de D\u00fc\u015fman G\u00fc\u00e7lere Sa\u011flanan \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Amerikan Silahlar\u0131<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ard\u0131ndan 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 geldi.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ABD, 6 Nisan 1917'de sava\u015fa kat\u0131ld\u0131. R\u00fcstem Bey'in yerine el\u00e7i g\u00f6nderilen Abd\u00fclhak H\u00fcseyin Bey, sava\u015f nedeniyle 20 Nisan 1917'de Amerika'dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1917'de ili\u015fkiler kesildi.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trablusgarp sava\u015f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye'ye silah ambargosu uygulayan Amerika, 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131'na resmen girmeden \u00f6nce \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa'ya y\u00fckl\u00fc mebla\u011flarda silah satt\u0131.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 "Amerikan end\u00fcstrisi kendisini h\u0131zla \u0130ngiliz-Frans\u0131z sava\u015f ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak \u015fekilde ayarlad\u0131 ve muazzam miktarda, top, mermi, patlay\u0131c\u0131 madde ve ba\u015fka malzeme temin etti, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00e2rlar sa\u011flad\u0131."(Allan Nevins-Henry Steele Commager, ABD Tarihi, \u00c7eviri: Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k, Do\u011fu Bat\u0131 Yay\u0131nlan, Mart 2005, Ankara, s. 371.)<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00c7anakkale'de Mehmet\u00e7i\u011fi \u015fehit eden silahlar\u0131n ve m\u00fchimmat\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Amerikan mal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130stanbul'da sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Alman B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Vangenheim, Amerikan B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Henry Morgenthau'ya birka\u00e7 kez m\u00fcracaat ederek, "Siz Ba\u015fkan Wilson'un yak\u0131n dostusunuz. Yaz\u0131n\u0131z kendisine ve Amerika'n\u0131n, m\u00fcttefiklere silah satma karar\u0131n\u0131 iptal etmesini temin ediniz" dedi.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Babas\u0131n\u0131n hayr\u0131na de\u011fil, do\u011fal olarak Almanya'n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve Amerikan silah sanayinin sava\u015fa dahil olmas\u0131 durumunda bir felaket ya\u015fayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 iyi bilen Vangenheim, en sonunda elinde bir delille Morgenthau'nun kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ald\u0131.<\/strong> <\/p>\n "- Bak\u0131n\u0131z bay b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i. \u0130\u015fte \u00c7anakkale'de elimize ge\u00e7en bir ob\u00fcs mermisi par\u00e7as\u0131…"<\/strong> <\/p>\n Sonra \u00fczerindeki yaz\u0131ya i\u015faret eder:<\/strong> <\/p>\n Bak\u0131n\u0131z, buraya… B.S. Co… yazmaktad\u0131r. Yani, Bethlehem Steel Company… Yani Amerikan mermisi…<\/strong> <\/p>\n Peki ama, diye cevap verir Morgenthau… Silah sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve ticareti d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her taraf\u0131ndan serbest\u00e7e yap\u0131la gelmiyor mu?<\/strong> <\/p>\n Evet ama, diye s\u00f6z\u00fcne devam eder Vangenheim, burada T\u00fcrkiye'de ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 biliyorsunuz. T\u00fcrkler \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131na Amerikan mermilerinin son verdi\u011fini \u00f6\u011frendikleri an burada her \u015feyi kaybedebilirsiniz. Sizin teb'an\u0131z da emniyet alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayamaz." (\u0130lhan Bardak\u00e7\u0131, \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun Ya\u011fmas\u0131, T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131 Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1. bask\u0131: 2004, s.170-171. Morgenthau, Enver Bey'in davetiyle 15 Mart 1915 g\u00fcn\u00fc Y\u00fcr\u00fck isimli T\u00fcrk korvetiyle yola \u00e7\u0131karak \u00c7anakkale'deki T\u00fcrk birliklerini yerinde inceledi.. \u00c7anakkale'nin ba\u015fkomutan\u0131 Cevad Pa\u015fa ile kararg\u00e2h\u0131nda tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Enver Bey'in bu Amerika'y\u0131 etkileme gezisi Morgenthau'nun yazd\u0131klar\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa pek hedefine ula\u015famam\u0131\u015f. Morgenthau, dikkatle mevzileri inceler, an\u0131lar\u0131nda Anadolu sahilindeki i\u015fe yaramaz toplardan, m\u00fchimmat eksikli\u011finden bahseder.)<\/strong> <\/p>\n Oysa Amerika sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015f, 1917 Nisan ay\u0131na kadar s\u00f6zde "tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k" durumu s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Alman denizalt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Amerikan gemilerini bat\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00fczerine 6 Nisan 1917'de Almanlara sava\u015f a\u00e7arak, m\u00fcttefiklere dahil oldu.<\/strong> <\/p>\n Hat\u0131rlatal\u0131m, Amerikal\u0131lar kurduklar\u0131 \u015firketlere derin manalar\u0131 olan isimler koymakta pek mahirler.<\/strong> <\/p>\n Bethlehem, inan\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re Hz. \u0130sa'n\u0131n do\u011fdu\u011fu yer, (Beytullahim. Bethlehem, bunun Evanjelist\u00e7esi).<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u0130zmir'in i\u015fgalinde Amerikan Z\u0131rhl\u0131lar\u0131'n\u0131n Yunanistan'a Yard\u0131m\u0131 <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Amerika, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131'n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u0130zmir'in i\u015fgaline de destek verdi. Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131'nda \u0130zmir'in i\u015fgali bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131. Sadece ilk 48 saat i\u00e7inde 2 bin civar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman katledildi. Yunanlar\u0131n \u0130ngiltere ve ABD deste\u011finde yapt\u0131klar\u0131 mezalimi Umum (Genel) Jandarma Kumandan\u0131 Miralay (Albay) Ali Kemal S\u0131rr\u0131, i\u015fgalden 19 g\u00fcn sonra g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 4 Haziran 1919 tarihli raporda \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r: "Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu'nun memleketlerinden biri oldu\u011fu g\u00fcnden beri hi\u00e7bir taarruza maruz kalmayarak bir masumlu\u011fun \u00f6rne\u011fi halinde bulunan zavall\u0131 ve kimsesiz \u0130zmir, Hunlara ve Yamyamlara rahmet okutacak derecede sefil ve adilik g\u00f6steren bir milletin kah\u0131r perdesi alt\u0131nda h\u00e2l\u00e2 inliyor."37 <\/p>\n Vatanseverlerin kurdu\u011fu "\u0130lhak-\u0131 Red Heyeti Milliye"sinin i\u015fgalden \u00f6nce yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildiride yap\u0131lan miting \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine binlerce T\u00fcrk ma\u015fatl\u0131kta (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bahri Baba Park\u0131) toplanarak i\u015fgal karar\u0131n\u0131 protesto etti. Bildiride, "EY BEDBAHT T\u00dcRK.. .Wilson prensipleri unvan-\u0131 insaniyetk\u00e2ranesi alt\u0131nda senin hakk\u0131n gasb ve namusun hetk ediliyor" denildi.38 <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ABD'nin sava\u015f gemileri i\u015fgalcilerin hizmetindeydi. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 "Amerikan z\u0131rhl\u0131s\u0131 Arizona Albay J. H. Dayton'un komutas\u0131nda ve refakatinde Dyer, Gregory, Luce ve Manley adl\u0131 d\u00f6rt destroyer de oldu\u011fu halde, 11 May\u0131s'ta \u0130zmir'e gidip demirlemi\u015ftir (Yunan i\u015fgalinden d\u00f6rt g\u00fcn \u00f6nce -U.Y.). Amiral Bristol da Nahma z\u0131rhl\u0131s\u0131yla daha birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce ayn\u0131 limana varm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6teki z\u0131rhl\u0131lar\u0131 beklemekteydi. Amerikan amirali ve z\u0131rhl\u0131 komutanlar\u0131 birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonraki Yunan \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckten sonra Amiral Bristol, Vis-Amiral Krapp'\u0131n emriyle, Luce, Gregory ve daha \u00f6nceleri \u0130zmir'e gelmi\u015f bulunan Stribling adl\u0131 gemilerle \u0130stanbul'a do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Geri kalan z\u0131rhl\u0131lar \u0130zmir'in i\u015fgalinde limandayd\u0131lar… \u0130ngiliz Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Lloyd George Yunan \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131ndan Amerikan Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson'u daha \u00f6nce haberdar etmi\u015f ve onun onay\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r… \u0130\u015fgal s\u0131ras\u0131nda Amerikan denizcileri de \u0130zmir'e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu arada onlara kat\u0131lan Barney ve Hazelwood adl\u0131 Amerikan sava\u015f gemileri 9 Haziran'a kadar \u0130zmir'de kald\u0131lar. Amerika'n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye'nin i\u015fgalinde z\u0131rhl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 emperyalizmin emrinde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve topraklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n i\u015fgaline fiilen kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015f\u00fcphe yoktur. Amiral Bristol de daha sonra kendi h\u00fck\u00fcmetine verdi\u011fi raporda bu Amerikan katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkler \u00fczerindeki olumsuz tepkisini \u00f6zetlemektedir."39 <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Maalesef ne \u00c7anakkale'de \u00fczerimize ya\u011fan Amerikan mermileri, ne de Amerikan z\u0131rhl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130zmir'in i\u015fgaline verdi\u011fi destek, anlat\u0131lmaz. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00d6rne\u011fin bir yazar, \u0130zmir'den bu Amerikan z\u0131rhl\u0131lar\u0131ndan biriyle ka\u00e7ak aileyi gayrim\u00fcslim aileyi anlat\u0131rken, tehcirden ka\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 iddia eder, kimse \u00e7\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmaz. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 R\u0131fat Bali, \u0130zmir'in i\u015fgali s\u0131ras\u0131nda Amerikan sava\u015f gemilerinin H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 sava\u015f b\u00f6lgesinden al\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Asidyan ailesinden Jeanne Asidyan'\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131ndan yaz\u0131yor. Ancak bu Ermeni ailesinin \u0130zmir'in i\u015fgalinden ve Yunan mezaliminden de\u011fil "Tehcirden" ka\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyor!40 <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bali, hemen ard\u0131ndan kendi kendini yalanl\u0131yor. Jeanne Asidyan, -1915'teki tehcirden mi, yoksa 1919'da \u0130zmir'in i\u015fgalinde ya\u015fanan mezalimden mi?! – Amerikan sava\u015f gemisiyle nas\u0131l ka\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yor: "Erkek karde\u015fimiz Albert'in koleji bitirmesi i\u00e7in bir ay\u0131 daha vard\u0131. Anne ve babam\u0131z onu da al\u0131p hep birlikte Amerika'ya gitmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcler: Pasaportlar\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131. Zannediyorum gemiye binmeden \u00f6nce iki ay boyunca \u0130zmir'de idik. Gemi k\u0131y\u0131dayd\u0131. Her \u015feyimizi ambalajlam\u0131\u015f gitmeye haz\u0131rd\u0131k. Gemiye bir Pazartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc binecektik. Ancak Cumartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131yamet koptu. Bu sefer T\u00fcrkler ve Yunanl\u0131lar sava\u015f\u0131yordu. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130zmir \u015fehrini ate\u015fe verdiler… Herkes k\u0131y\u0131ya do\u011fru gidiyordu. Bizler bodrumdayd\u0131k. Babam bize 'Merak etmeyin cennete gidiyoruz' diyordu ve dua ediyordu. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Annem 'Hay\u0131r. Yukar\u0131 gidelim. Ayakkab\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karal\u0131m ve Amerikan K\u0131z Koleji'ne do\u011fru ko\u015fal\u0131m' dedi. Oraya vard\u0131k. Amerikal\u0131lar misyonerleri k\u0131y\u0131ya g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in bahriyelileri yollam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Alevlerin ve kur\u015funlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndan onlar\u0131 takip ettik ve k\u0131y\u0131ya vard\u0131k. Babam rahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in misyonerler onu tan\u0131yordu. Bir Amerikan sava\u015f gemisine konulduk ve daha sonra bir Yunan y\u00fck gemisine aktar\u0131ld\u0131k."41 <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130kinci Silah Ambargosu: <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1921 T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n en s\u0131cak g\u00fcnlerinde Amerikan silah \u015firketlerine ba\u015fvurarak 300 bin mavzer t\u00fcfe\u011fi ve 600 milyon fi\u015fek i\u00e7in fiyat istedi. Winchester \u015firketinin D\u0131\u015f Sat\u0131\u015flar M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131'na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 1 Haziran 1921 tarihli mektupta b\u00f6yle bir sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n ABD d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131na uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sordu. Winchester'a bu talebi ileten, Londra ve Paris'te b\u00fcrolar\u0131 bulunan New Yorklu W. Scott-Boody'dir. Body, "T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin en \u00f6nde ve etkili ki\u015filerinden biri olan Edam Bey'in kendisinden bu fiyatlar\u0131 istedi\u011fini" bildirir. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rakam \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Konu bizzat D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Charles Evan Hughes'un bilgisine sunulur. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu Dairesi, son noktay\u0131 koyar. Daire, bakanl\u0131k m\u00fcste\u015far\u0131na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi notta, "yeni T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti" deyiminin a\u00e7\u0131k olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ancak Ankara'daki "milliyet\u00e7i h\u00fck\u00fcmet" kastediliyorsa, bu silahlar\u0131n e\u011fer Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmetine verilirse dolayl\u0131 olarak Rus Bol\u015feviklerine gidece\u011fini yazar! Bu gerek\u00e7eyle Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131'nda Amerika, T\u00fcrkiye'ye ikinci silah ambargosunu uygular.42 <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oysa Amerikan y\u00f6netimi, sadece 4 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u00c7anakkale'yi cehennem yerine \u00e7eviren \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131zlara silah satarken, "ticaretin serbestli\u011finden" s\u00f6z ediyorlard\u0131. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Silah Ambargosu: <\/p>\n Johnson'un Mektubu<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Evet, Johnson'un mektubuyla ba\u015flayan s\u00fcre\u00e7, olsa olsa \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc silah ambargosu olabilir.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1963-64 K\u0131br\u0131s bunal\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Lydon B. Johnson'un Ba\u015fbakan \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc'ye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 5 Haziran 1964 tarihli mektup, ili\u015fkilerde ve T\u00fcrk d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda yeni bir d\u00f6nemin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Johnson mektubu, T\u00fcrkiye'de Amerika'yla ilgili d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri yerle bir etti. \u00d6yle ki, bu mektubun ard\u0131ndan gelen s\u00fcre\u00e7te toplumda ve devletin \u00e7e\u015fitli kademelerinde g\u00f6revlilerin en az\u0131ndan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Amerika'yla ilgili b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bilin\u00e7 s\u0131\u00e7ramas\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131. 1968 gen\u00e7lik hareketlerinde ve sonras\u0131nda da Johnson Mektubu \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ABD, ara ba\u015fl\u0131kta "silah ambargosu" olarak ifade etti\u011fimiz bu d\u00fc\u015fmanca tutumla asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha a\u011f\u0131r bir yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 dayat\u0131yordu. Johnson, "Size verdi\u011fimiz silahlar\u0131, K\u0131br\u0131s'ta Yunanlara kar\u015f\u0131 kullanamazs\u0131n\u0131z" diyordu. Davul T\u00fcrkiye'nin boynunda, tokmak Washington'un elindeydi.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Johnson'un \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc'ye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi mektubun baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri \u015f\u00f6yleydi:<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ''Say\u0131n Bay Ba\u015fbakan, T\u00fcrkiye H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin, K\u0131br\u0131s'\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 askeri kuvvetle i\u015fgal etmek \u00fczere m\u00fcdahalede bulunmaya karar vermeyi tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Hare vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile sizden ve D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131n\u0131zdan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m haber beni ciddi surette endi\u015feye sevk etmektedir. En dostane ve a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde belirtmek isterim ki, geni\u015f \u00e7apta neticeler tevlit edebilecek b\u00f6yle bir hareketin T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan takip edilmesini, H\u00fck\u00fcmetinizin bizimle evvelden tam bir isti\u015farede bulunmak hususundaki taahh\u00fcd\u00fc ile kabili telif addetmiyorum. B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Hare, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerimi \u00f6\u011frenmek \u00fczere karar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 birka\u00e7 saat tehir etmi\u015f oldu\u011funuzu\u00a0\u00a0 bana bildirdi.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Y\u0131llar boyunca T\u00fcrkiye'yi en sa\u011flam \u015fekilde destekledi\u011fini ispat etmi\u015f olan Amerika gibi bir m\u00fcttefikin, bu \u015fekilde neticeleri olan tek tarafl\u0131 bir kararla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, H\u00fck\u00fcmetiniz bak\u0131m\u0131ndan do\u011fru oldu\u011funa hakikaten inan\u0131p inanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 sizden sorar\u0131m. Binaenaleyh, b\u00f6yle bir harekete tevess\u00fcl etmeden \u00f6nce Birle\u015fik Amerika Devletleri ile tam isti\u015farede bulunmak mesuliyetini kabul etmenizi hassaten rica etmek mecburiyetindeyim.<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1960 tarihli Garanti Andla\u015fmas\u0131 ahk\u00e2m\u0131 gere\u011fince b\u00f6yle bir m\u00fcdahalenin caiz oldu\u011fu kanaatinde bulundu\u011funuz intiba\u0131nday\u0131m. Bununla beraber, T\u00fcrkiye'nin mutasavver m\u00fcdahalesinin, Garanti Andla\u015fmas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan sarahaten menedilen bir h\u00e2l sureti olan taksimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme gayesine matuf olaca\u011f\u0131 yolundaki anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131za dikkatinizi \u00e7ekmek zorunday\u0131m. Ayr\u0131ca, s\u00f6z konusu Andla\u015fma, teminat\u00e7\u0131 Devletleraras\u0131nda isti\u015fareyi gerektirmektedir. Birle\u015fik Amerika, bu durumda, bilc\u00fcmle isti\u015fare imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde t\u00fcketilmedi\u011fi ve dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile tek tarafl\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz kabili istimal olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanaat\u0131ndad\u0131r."<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bunlar a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a T\u00fcrkiye'yi tehditti ve \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn bu hakaretleri sineye \u00e7ekmi\u015f ve sinmi\u015fti.<\/strong> <\/p>\n ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle devam etmekteydi: <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Di\u011fer taraftan, Bay Ba\u015fbakan, NATO vecibelerine de dikkat nazar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 celp etmek mecburiyetindeyim. K\u0131br\u0131s'a vaki olacak T\u00fcrk m\u00fcdahalesinin, T\u00fcrk-Yunan kuvvetleri aras\u0131nda asker\u00ee bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya m\u00fcncer olaca\u011f\u0131 hususunda zihninizde en ufak bir teredd\u00fct olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Rusk Lahey'de yap\u0131lan son NATO Bakanlar Konseyi toplant\u0131s\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye ile Yunanistan aras\u0131nda bir harbin 'kelimenin tam manas\u0131yla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez' olarak tel\u00e2kki edilmesi gerekti\u011fini beyan etmi\u015fti. NATO'ya iltihak, esas icab\u0131 olarak, NATO memleketlerinin birbirleriyle harp etmeyeceklerini kabul etmek demektir. Almanya ve Fransa, NATO'da m\u00fcttefik olmakla y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k husumet ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6mm\u00fc\u015flerdir; ayn\u0131 \u015feyin Yunanistan ve T\u00fcrkiye'den de beklenmesi gerekir. Ayr\u0131ca, T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan K\u0131br\u0131s'a yap\u0131lacak asker\u00ee bir m\u00fcdahale Sovyetler Birli\u011fi'nin meseleye do\u011frudan do\u011fruya kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. NATO m\u00fcttefiklerinizin tam r\u0131za ve muvafakatlar\u0131 olmadan T\u00fcrkiye'nin giri\u015fece\u011fi bir hareket neticesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak bir Sovyet m\u00fcdahalesine kar\u015f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye'yi m\u00fcdafaa etmek m\u00fckellefiyetleri olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fczakere etmek f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 bulmam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 takdir buyuraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z kanaatindeyim. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Di\u011fer taraftan, Bay Ba\u015fbakan, bir Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00fcyesi olarak T\u00fcrkiye'nin vecibeleri dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile de endi\u015fe duymaktay\u0131m. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Ada'da sulhu korumak i\u00e7in kuvvet temin etmi\u015ftir. Bu kuvvetlerin vazifesi zor olmu\u015ftur, fakat ge\u00e7en son birka\u00e7 hafta zarf\u0131nda, Ada'daki \u015fiddet hareketlerinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131nda tedric\u00ee bir \u015fekilde muvaffak olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Arabulucusu hen\u00fcz i\u015fini bitirmemi\u015ftir. Hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphem yok ki, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler gayretlerini baltalayacak olan ve bu zor meseleye Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler taraf\u0131ndan makul ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir hal tarz\u0131 bulunmas\u0131na yard\u0131m edebilecek herhangi bir \u00fcmidi y\u0131kacak olan T\u00fcrkiye'nin tek tarafl\u0131 hareketine en sert \u015fekilde tepki g\u00f6sterecektir." <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye'yi Ku\u015fatma Plan\u0131: <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ABD Ordusu'nun gizli raporu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 "Be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yedi \u00fclkeyi ele ge\u00e7irece\u011fiz: Irak, Suriye, L\u00fcbnan, Libya, Somali, Sudan, \u0130ran, …" bu s\u00f6zler Amerikan Ordusunun en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir bulu\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda "\u00e7ok gizli" damgal\u0131 bir raporun i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131yor. ABD Ordusu Generali General Wesley Clarck, 1991 Yugoslavya sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda NATO Avrupa M\u00fcttefik Birlikleri Ba\u015fkomutan\u0131yd\u0131. 2004'te Demokrat Parti'nin Ba\u015fkan Aday\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterildi. <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Clarck Democracy Now isimli Amerikan yay\u0131n organ\u0131n\u0131n edit\u00f6r\u00fc Amy Goodman'a verdi\u011fi r\u00f6portajda \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi: "11 Eyl\u00fcl'\u00fcn hemen ard\u0131ndan Pentagon'dayd\u0131m. 11 Eyl\u00fcl'den 10 g\u00fcn sonra, Pentagon'a gidip Savunma Bakan\u0131 Rumsfeld ve yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Wolfowitz'i g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. M\u00fc\u015fterek Kararg\u00e2h'ta daha \u00f6nce benimle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara sadece merhaba demek i\u00e7in alt kata indim. Generallerden biri beni i\u00e7eri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. 'Efendim, gelip benimle birka\u00e7 dakikal\u0131\u011f\u0131na konu\u015fmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z' dedi. 'Peki, ama \u00e7ok me\u015fguls\u00fcn\u00fcz' dedim. 'Hay\u0131r, hay\u0131r' dedi. 'Irak'la sava\u015fa girmeye karar verdik'. Ya 20 Eyl\u00fcl ya da o s\u0131ralardayd\u0131. 'Irak'la sava\u015fa m\u0131 girece\u011fiz? Neden?' dedim. 'Bilmiyorum' dedi. Birka\u00e7 hafta sonra onu tekrar g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in gittim, o s\u0131ralar Afganistan'\u0131 bombal\u0131yorduk. 'Hala Irak'la sava\u015fa girme durumunda m\u0131y\u0131z?' diye sordum. 'Daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc' dedi. Masas\u0131na uzand\u0131, bir ka\u011f\u0131t ald\u0131. 'Bunu az \u00f6nce yukar\u0131dan ald\u0131m' Savunma Bakan\u0131'n\u0131n ofisinden anlam\u0131na geliyordu- 'Be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7inde, Irak'la ba\u015flayan sonras\u0131nda Suriye, L\u00fcbnan, Libya, Somali ve Sudan'la devam edip Irak'la yedi \u00fclkeyi nas\u0131l ele ge\u00e7irece\u011fimizi anlatan bir not'. 'Gizli mi' diye sordum. 'Evet efendim' dedi."43 <\/p>\n 36 Do\u00e7. Dr. Kurthan Fi\u015fek Do\u00e7. Dr. Orai Sander, ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Belgeleriyle T\u00fcrkiye-ABD Silah Ticaretinin \u00eelk Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 1829-1929, \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 1977, s. 184 vd, <\/p>\n 37 Raporun orijinal metni i\u00e7in bkz. U\u011fur Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Ke\u015fi\u015f G\u00fc\u00e7, Otopsi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Birinci Bas\u0131m: Eyl\u00fcl 2005, s. 102-103. <\/p>\n 38 M. Murat Hatipo\u011flu, T\u00fcrk-Yunan \u0130li\u015fkilerinin 101 Y\u0131l\u0131 (1821-1922), T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Bas\u0131mevi, 1988, s. 88. <\/p>\n 39 Do\u00e7. Dr. T\u00fcrkkaya Ata\u00f6v, Amerika, NATO ve T\u00fcrkiye, Ayd\u0131nl\u0131k Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2. bask\u0131: 1969, Ankara, s. 162-163. <\/p>\n 40 R\u0131fat N. Bali, Anadolu'dan Yeni D\u00fcnyaya, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Birinci Bas\u0131m: 2004, s. 209. Bali'nin koydu\u011fu ara ba\u015fl\u0131k aynen \u015f\u00f6yle: "Tehcirden ka\u00e7an Jeanne, Molly ve Miryam Asidyan'\u0131n \u00d6yk\u00fcleri" <\/p>\n 41 Agy <\/p>\n 42 Do\u00e7. Dr. Oral Sander-Do\u00e7.Dr. Kurthan Fi\u015fek, s. 45 ve 194 vd. <\/p>\n 43 Ayd\u0131nl\u0131k \/ 08.04.2007 <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/strong> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u00a0 <\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck jeopolitik levhalar<\/strong> <\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00d6nce Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131'yla Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, sonra da Afganistan'daki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmayla Sovyetler Birli\u011fi yava\u015f yava\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin bir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu fark etti. \u0130ki s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 l960'l\u0131 y\u0131llarda ba\u015flayan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin sona erme s\u00fcrecinin k\u0131smen d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya'daki gerilimler ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmesinin dar \u00e7er\u00e7evesine art\u0131k s\u0131\u011fmamaktayd\u0131.<\/strong> <\/p>\n Eski K\u0131ta'n\u0131n yeniden yap\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n ve Avrupa ile Japonya'daki "ekonomik mucizeler"in ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesiyle, ABD'nin Kuzey Atlantik Antla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (NATO) i\u00e7indeki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 1970'li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ekonomik ve politik birli\u011fini sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, refaha ermi\u015f bir Bat\u0131 Avrupa, Washington'dan gelen b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nlendirmeleri kabul etmeye eskiden oldu\u011fu kadar yatk\u0131n de\u011fildi. Amerikan ekonomisi art\u0131k, Almanya'n\u0131n itici g\u00fc\u00e7 rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 AET'nin ve Japonya'n\u0131n gittik\u00e7e g\u00fc\u00e7lenen rekabetiyle ba\u015f etmek zorundayd\u0131.<\/strong> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-985","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-haziran-2007"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/985","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=985"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/985\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=985"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=985"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.millicozum.com\/mc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=985"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}